environment using biological technologies that in addition to being less expensive
generate a lower number of toxic products. There are several technologies; the most
commonly used are those that include bacterial strains. There are currently several
prokaryotic species that have been successfully tested in the processes for the
degradation of NSAIDs. It is important to mention that current studies are focused
on continuing to search for more bacteria to be used in these bioremediation
processes, without ruling out that fungi also play an important role in biodegradation
processes of pharmaceutical contaminants.
References
1. He B-S et al (2017) Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: necessity
and opportunities. Chemosphere 181:178–189
2. Mezzelani SM et al (2016) Transcriptional and cellular effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in experimentally exposed mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat
Toxicol 180:306–319
3. Haley RM, von Recum HA (2018) Localized and targeted delivery of NSAIDs for treatment of
inflammation: a review. Exp Biol Med 0:1–12
4. Wang J et al (2017) Implementing ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) from a pharmacy perspective:
A focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sci Total Environ 603:1–13
5. Wang J et al (2018) Targeted eco-pharmacovigilance for ketoprofen in the environment: need,
strategy and challenge. Chemosphere 194:450–462
6. Gavrilescu M et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. New Biotechnol 32(1):147–156
7. Tang Y et al (2019) Emerging pollutants in water environment: occurrence, monitoring, fate,
and risk assessment. Water Res 91:984–991
8. Li X et al (2015) Enhanced removal of naproxen and carbamazepine from wastewater using a
novel countercurrent seepage bioreactor immobilized with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
under non-sterile conditions. Bioresour Technol 197:465–474
9. Geissena V et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource
management. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 3:57–65
10. Voloshenko-Rossin A et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the Esmeraldas watershed in Ecuador: discharge and attenuation of emerging organic pollutants along the San Pedro–
Guayllabamba–Esmeraldas rivers. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:41–53
11. Verlicchi P et al (2010) Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of
micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. J Hydrol 389:416–428
12. Bilal M et al (2018) Peroxidases-assisted removal of environmentally-related hazardous pollutants with reference to the reaction mechanisms of industrial dyes. Sci Total Environ
644:1–13
13. Cardoso-Vera JD et al (2017) Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and
teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Sci Total Environ 574:467–475
14. Islas-Flores H et al (2013) Diclofenac-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of
common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 92:32–38
15. Oviedo-Gómez DGC et al (2010) Diclofenac-enriched artificial sediment induces oxidative
stress in Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 29:39–43
16. Islas-Flores H et al (2014) Effect of ibuprofen exposure on blood, gill, liver, and brain on
common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using oxidative stress biomarkers. Environ Sci Pollut Res
2014:1–10
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
317
generate a lower number of toxic products. There are several technologies; the most
commonly used are those that include bacterial strains. There are currently several
prokaryotic species that have been successfully tested in the processes for the
degradation of NSAIDs. It is important to mention that current studies are focused
on continuing to search for more bacteria to be used in these bioremediation
processes, without ruling out that fungi also play an important role in biodegradation
processes of pharmaceutical contaminants.
References
1. He B-S et al (2017) Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: necessity
and opportunities. Chemosphere 181:178–189
2. Mezzelani SM et al (2016) Transcriptional and cellular effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in experimentally exposed mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat
Toxicol 180:306–319
3. Haley RM, von Recum HA (2018) Localized and targeted delivery of NSAIDs for treatment of
inflammation: a review. Exp Biol Med 0:1–12
4. Wang J et al (2017) Implementing ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) from a pharmacy perspective:
A focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sci Total Environ 603:1–13
5. Wang J et al (2018) Targeted eco-pharmacovigilance for ketoprofen in the environment: need,
strategy and challenge. Chemosphere 194:450–462
6. Gavrilescu M et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. New Biotechnol 32(1):147–156
7. Tang Y et al (2019) Emerging pollutants in water environment: occurrence, monitoring, fate,
and risk assessment. Water Res 91:984–991
8. Li X et al (2015) Enhanced removal of naproxen and carbamazepine from wastewater using a
novel countercurrent seepage bioreactor immobilized with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
under non-sterile conditions. Bioresour Technol 197:465–474
9. Geissena V et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource
management. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 3:57–65
10. Voloshenko-Rossin A et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the Esmeraldas watershed in Ecuador: discharge and attenuation of emerging organic pollutants along the San Pedro–
Guayllabamba–Esmeraldas rivers. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:41–53
11. Verlicchi P et al (2010) Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of
micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. J Hydrol 389:416–428
12. Bilal M et al (2018) Peroxidases-assisted removal of environmentally-related hazardous pollutants with reference to the reaction mechanisms of industrial dyes. Sci Total Environ
644:1–13
13. Cardoso-Vera JD et al (2017) Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and
teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Sci Total Environ 574:467–475
14. Islas-Flores H et al (2013) Diclofenac-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of
common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 92:32–38
15. Oviedo-Gómez DGC et al (2010) Diclofenac-enriched artificial sediment induces oxidative
stress in Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 29:39–43
16. Islas-Flores H et al (2014) Effect of ibuprofen exposure on blood, gill, liver, and brain on
common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using oxidative stress biomarkers. Environ Sci Pollut Res
2014:1–10
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
317