produced by its hydroxylation to 5,7,8-trihydroxynaproxen, an intermediate that can
be cleaved by hydroxyquinoline 1,2-dioxygenase [70].
The cleavage product is probably oxidatively cleaved further by 1,2-dioxygenase
gentisate. The results obtained provide the basis for the use of co-metabolic systems
in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with polycyclic NSAIDs
[70]. This is the first report on the biotransformation of naproxen, a polycyclic
NSAID, by a bacterial strain.
14.3 Use of Bacterial Enzymes
Planococcus sp. has the ability to efficiently degrade naproxen in the presence of
4-hydroxybenzoate as a carbon source. In this condition, the activity of
monooxygenase, hydroxyquinoline 1,2-dioxygenase, and two different dioxygenase
protocatecate are observed. The presence of various metabolic pathways and the
induction of different oxygenases involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds allow the use of Planococcus sp. in the degradation of various aromatic
contaminants, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [71].
14.4 Biodegradation by Fungi and Lacquer Action
So far, only a few microorganisms, mainly fungi (Penicillium sp., Trametes versicolor,
Cunninghamella elegans, C. echinulata, C. blakesleeana, Beauveria bassiana,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida, Bjerkandera sp., B. adusta, Irpex lacteus
and Ganoderma lucidum) and the actinomycete Actinoplanes sp., have been identified
to transform or degrade nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [72–75].
In the transformation of naproxen to 2-(6-hydroxy-naphthalen-2-yl) propionic
and 1-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) ethanone by the fungus T. versicolor, cytochrome P450 and laccase were probably hired [73, 76]. They also demonstrated
the degradation of naproxen by means of the commercial laccase from
Myceliophthora thermophila [72]. They observed a 100% degradation of this pharmaceutical product in the presence of the redox mediator [72].
Table 1 includes the bacteria reported useful in different processes used in the
degradation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of greater consumption.
15 Conclusion
In this chapter we have addressed relevant aspects of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs of higher consumption, we have mentioned that being considered emerging pollutants require the necessary attention to be eliminated from the
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
315
be cleaved by hydroxyquinoline 1,2-dioxygenase [70].
The cleavage product is probably oxidatively cleaved further by 1,2-dioxygenase
gentisate. The results obtained provide the basis for the use of co-metabolic systems
in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with polycyclic NSAIDs
[70]. This is the first report on the biotransformation of naproxen, a polycyclic
NSAID, by a bacterial strain.
14.3 Use of Bacterial Enzymes
Planococcus sp. has the ability to efficiently degrade naproxen in the presence of
4-hydroxybenzoate as a carbon source. In this condition, the activity of
monooxygenase, hydroxyquinoline 1,2-dioxygenase, and two different dioxygenase
protocatecate are observed. The presence of various metabolic pathways and the
induction of different oxygenases involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds allow the use of Planococcus sp. in the degradation of various aromatic
contaminants, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [71].
14.4 Biodegradation by Fungi and Lacquer Action
So far, only a few microorganisms, mainly fungi (Penicillium sp., Trametes versicolor,
Cunninghamella elegans, C. echinulata, C. blakesleeana, Beauveria bassiana,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida, Bjerkandera sp., B. adusta, Irpex lacteus
and Ganoderma lucidum) and the actinomycete Actinoplanes sp., have been identified
to transform or degrade nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [72–75].
In the transformation of naproxen to 2-(6-hydroxy-naphthalen-2-yl) propionic
and 1-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) ethanone by the fungus T. versicolor, cytochrome P450 and laccase were probably hired [73, 76]. They also demonstrated
the degradation of naproxen by means of the commercial laccase from
Myceliophthora thermophila [72]. They observed a 100% degradation of this pharmaceutical product in the presence of the redox mediator [72].
Table 1 includes the bacteria reported useful in different processes used in the
degradation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of greater consumption.
15 Conclusion
In this chapter we have addressed relevant aspects of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs of higher consumption, we have mentioned that being considered emerging pollutants require the necessary attention to be eliminated from the
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
315