On the other hand, the bacteria Comamonas aquatica and Bacillus sp. obtained
from water samples tested the biodegradation of ibuprofen. In batch trials, they were
able to degrade 100 mg/L of ibuprofen in 33 h, with a specific growth rate (μ) of
0.21 h
À1 . The removal of the compound, as determined by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), exceeded 99% of the initial concentration, with a removal
of 92.3% of the chemical oxygen demand [64].
Similarly, Murdoch and Hay [37], described the bacterial strains Sphingomonas
Ibu-2 and Variovorax Ibu-1 capable of degrading ibuprofen to high concentrations.
14 Biological Technologies for the Elimination of Naproxen
14.1 Bacterial Biodegradation
For the biodegradation of naproxen, it has been reported that the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis as a good candidate. It is the first bacterial strain in which the key
metabolites of the degradation of naproxen are detected: O-desmethylnaproxen and
salicylic acid; in addition it was found that the presence of aromatic compounds in
the reaction environment does not inhibit or only slightly decrease the degradation of
naproxen and that the biodegradation of naproxen decreases in the presence of Cd
(II) and Co (II) while the addition of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) has no negative effect on this
process [65].
On the other hand, the bacteria Planococcus sp. is capable of removing approximately 30% of naproxen after 35 days of incubation in monosubstrate culture.
Under co-metabolic conditions, with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate,
degradation efficiency increased. During 35 days of incubation, 75.14 Æ 1.71%
and 86.27 Æ 2.09% of naproxen were degraded in the presence of glucose and
phenol, respectively [66].
14.2 Biodegradation and Enzymes
Little is known about the degradation of naproxen by bacteria. So far, only a few
bacterial strains, mainly of the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Patulibacter,
Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas, have been described as capable of
degrading nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [37, 67–69].
In the case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, it transformed naproxen in 35 days
with a degradation efficiency of approximately 28%. Under co-metabolic conditions
with glucose or phenol as a carbon source, the degradation efficiency was 78% and
40%, respectively. In addition, in the presence of naproxen phenol monooxygenase,
naphthalene dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate 1,2dioxygenase was induced. This suggests that the degradation of naproxen is
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N. Ramírez-Durán et al.
from water samples tested the biodegradation of ibuprofen. In batch trials, they were
able to degrade 100 mg/L of ibuprofen in 33 h, with a specific growth rate (μ) of
0.21 h
À1 . The removal of the compound, as determined by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), exceeded 99% of the initial concentration, with a removal
of 92.3% of the chemical oxygen demand [64].
Similarly, Murdoch and Hay [37], described the bacterial strains Sphingomonas
Ibu-2 and Variovorax Ibu-1 capable of degrading ibuprofen to high concentrations.
14 Biological Technologies for the Elimination of Naproxen
14.1 Bacterial Biodegradation
For the biodegradation of naproxen, it has been reported that the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis as a good candidate. It is the first bacterial strain in which the key
metabolites of the degradation of naproxen are detected: O-desmethylnaproxen and
salicylic acid; in addition it was found that the presence of aromatic compounds in
the reaction environment does not inhibit or only slightly decrease the degradation of
naproxen and that the biodegradation of naproxen decreases in the presence of Cd
(II) and Co (II) while the addition of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) has no negative effect on this
process [65].
On the other hand, the bacteria Planococcus sp. is capable of removing approximately 30% of naproxen after 35 days of incubation in monosubstrate culture.
Under co-metabolic conditions, with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate,
degradation efficiency increased. During 35 days of incubation, 75.14 Æ 1.71%
and 86.27 Æ 2.09% of naproxen were degraded in the presence of glucose and
phenol, respectively [66].
14.2 Biodegradation and Enzymes
Little is known about the degradation of naproxen by bacteria. So far, only a few
bacterial strains, mainly of the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Patulibacter,
Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas, have been described as capable of
degrading nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [37, 67–69].
In the case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, it transformed naproxen in 35 days
with a degradation efficiency of approximately 28%. Under co-metabolic conditions
with glucose or phenol as a carbon source, the degradation efficiency was 78% and
40%, respectively. In addition, in the presence of naproxen phenol monooxygenase,
naphthalene dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate 1,2dioxygenase was induced. This suggests that the degradation of naproxen is
314
N. Ramírez-Durán et al.