Diclofenac was rapidly degraded during the ongoing manganese oxidation by
Pseudomonas putida. The study of the biogenic silver and ionic silver nanoparticles
separately showed no ability to eliminate diclofenac. Improved elimination occurred
when biogenic manganese oxides and silver species were combined [49].
Similar results were obtained for the dechlorinated form, 2-anilinophenylacetate.
Finally, a slow elimination of diclofenac was observed, but there was faster degradation of the dechlorinated 2-anilinophenylacetate form when silver was added to
the biomass of P. putida free of manganese [49].
This study demonstrates the use of P. putida for water treatment purposes. It is the
first report of the application of silver combined with biogenic manganese for the
removal of organic pollutants from water [49].
12.5 Bacterial Biodegradation
The bacterial strain Labrys portucalensis is capable of biotransforming 70% of
diclofenac (1.7–34 μM), as the only source of carbon, in 30 days. Complete
degradation was achieved by co-metabolism with acetate, over a period of 6 days
for 1.7 μM and 25 days for 34 μM of diclofenac [50]. This study concluded that
complete degradation of diclofenac can be achieved by the action of a single
bacterial strain isolated from the environment.
On the other hand, Brevibacterium sp. D4, bacteria recovered and isolated from a
wastewater treatment plant, demonstrated the ability to degrade diclofenac in 35% of
10 mg/L diclofenac as the sole source of carbon and 90% of the same amount when
periodically fed with acetate as supplement [50].
12.6 Metabolic and Co-metabolic Biodegradation
Enterobacter hormaechei, isolated from an activated sludge, can metabolize
diclofenac at an elimination rate of 52.8%. In the presence of an external carbon
source (glucose), the removal rate increased to approximately 82%. GC-MS analysis
detected and identified a metabolite as 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2Hindole-2-one, which occurred as a result of dehydration and lactam formation
reactions [51].
12.7 Bioremediation by Laccase Enzymes
Laccases are polyphenol oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of various aromatic
compounds, particularly those with electron donor groups such as phenols (ÀOH)
and anilines (ÀNH 2 ), using molecular oxygen as an electron receptor [52]. A
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
311
Pseudomonas putida. The study of the biogenic silver and ionic silver nanoparticles
separately showed no ability to eliminate diclofenac. Improved elimination occurred
when biogenic manganese oxides and silver species were combined [49].
Similar results were obtained for the dechlorinated form, 2-anilinophenylacetate.
Finally, a slow elimination of diclofenac was observed, but there was faster degradation of the dechlorinated 2-anilinophenylacetate form when silver was added to
the biomass of P. putida free of manganese [49].
This study demonstrates the use of P. putida for water treatment purposes. It is the
first report of the application of silver combined with biogenic manganese for the
removal of organic pollutants from water [49].
12.5 Bacterial Biodegradation
The bacterial strain Labrys portucalensis is capable of biotransforming 70% of
diclofenac (1.7–34 μM), as the only source of carbon, in 30 days. Complete
degradation was achieved by co-metabolism with acetate, over a period of 6 days
for 1.7 μM and 25 days for 34 μM of diclofenac [50]. This study concluded that
complete degradation of diclofenac can be achieved by the action of a single
bacterial strain isolated from the environment.
On the other hand, Brevibacterium sp. D4, bacteria recovered and isolated from a
wastewater treatment plant, demonstrated the ability to degrade diclofenac in 35% of
10 mg/L diclofenac as the sole source of carbon and 90% of the same amount when
periodically fed with acetate as supplement [50].
12.6 Metabolic and Co-metabolic Biodegradation
Enterobacter hormaechei, isolated from an activated sludge, can metabolize
diclofenac at an elimination rate of 52.8%. In the presence of an external carbon
source (glucose), the removal rate increased to approximately 82%. GC-MS analysis
detected and identified a metabolite as 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2Hindole-2-one, which occurred as a result of dehydration and lactam formation
reactions [51].
12.7 Bioremediation by Laccase Enzymes
Laccases are polyphenol oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of various aromatic
compounds, particularly those with electron donor groups such as phenols (ÀOH)
and anilines (ÀNH 2 ), using molecular oxygen as an electron receptor [52]. A
Biological Technologies Used for the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
311