12.2 Biologically Activated Carbon Filter
It is an efficient method used concomitantly with bacterial growth, through a
co-metabolism with acetate, glucose, or methanol. The evaluation of the
bioremoption potential of a biologically activated carbon filter for the elimination
of three NSAIDs, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen, showed that the biologically
activated carbon column effectively eliminates the three NSAIDs (>90%). A bacterial strain isolated from the filter, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., was able to simultaneously eliminate the three drugs supplied as the sole source of carbon [47].
In 14 days, 23, 41, and 39% of diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen (50 μg/L),
respectively, were removed biologically. Pseudoxanthomonas sp. eliminated ibuprofen faster than the other two NSAIDs. By adding a single drug as a single carbon
source, the elimination capacity was overestimated by 5.0–27.0%. The results
obtained provide a basis for the use of Pseudoxanthomonas sp. in the bioremoption
of polycyclic environments contaminated with NSAIDs [47].
12.3 Artificial Wetland Systems
Artificial wetland systems are a promising technology for the treatment of wastewater containing microcontaminants, including pharmaceutical residues. Wetland
systems are based on the fact that endophytic bacteria may be exposed to secondary
metabolites in plant tissues; therefore, they may have the potential to transform or
degrade aromatic structures, including pharmaceutical products in particular
NSAIDs.
Mycobacterium flavescens MG7, an endophytic strain, obtained from Phalaris
arundinacea root tissues exposed to NSAIDs, was used to test the ability to eliminate
2 mg/L of diclofenac in monosubstrate cultures and in the presence of phenol as an
additional carbon source. The bacterium was able to eliminate approximately 15% of
diclofenac present after 20 days of monosubstrate culture. However, a decrease in
the optical density of bacterial growth was observed, caused by an insufficient
carbon source for adequate growth and proliferation [48].
12.4 Biogenic Compounds
The emergence of a range of recalcitrant organic microcontaminants in the aquatic
environment has led to the development of several tertiary wastewater treatment
methods.
The use of biogenic manganese oxides, biogenic silver nanoparticles, and ionic
silver for the oxidative elimination of the drug diclofenac and its dechlorinated form,
2-anilinophenylacetate, has been evaluated.
310
N. Ramírez-Durán et al.
It is an efficient method used concomitantly with bacterial growth, through a
co-metabolism with acetate, glucose, or methanol. The evaluation of the
bioremoption potential of a biologically activated carbon filter for the elimination
of three NSAIDs, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen, showed that the biologically
activated carbon column effectively eliminates the three NSAIDs (>90%). A bacterial strain isolated from the filter, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., was able to simultaneously eliminate the three drugs supplied as the sole source of carbon [47].
In 14 days, 23, 41, and 39% of diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen (50 μg/L),
respectively, were removed biologically. Pseudoxanthomonas sp. eliminated ibuprofen faster than the other two NSAIDs. By adding a single drug as a single carbon
source, the elimination capacity was overestimated by 5.0–27.0%. The results
obtained provide a basis for the use of Pseudoxanthomonas sp. in the bioremoption
of polycyclic environments contaminated with NSAIDs [47].
12.3 Artificial Wetland Systems
Artificial wetland systems are a promising technology for the treatment of wastewater containing microcontaminants, including pharmaceutical residues. Wetland
systems are based on the fact that endophytic bacteria may be exposed to secondary
metabolites in plant tissues; therefore, they may have the potential to transform or
degrade aromatic structures, including pharmaceutical products in particular
NSAIDs.
Mycobacterium flavescens MG7, an endophytic strain, obtained from Phalaris
arundinacea root tissues exposed to NSAIDs, was used to test the ability to eliminate
2 mg/L of diclofenac in monosubstrate cultures and in the presence of phenol as an
additional carbon source. The bacterium was able to eliminate approximately 15% of
diclofenac present after 20 days of monosubstrate culture. However, a decrease in
the optical density of bacterial growth was observed, caused by an insufficient
carbon source for adequate growth and proliferation [48].
12.4 Biogenic Compounds
The emergence of a range of recalcitrant organic microcontaminants in the aquatic
environment has led to the development of several tertiary wastewater treatment
methods.
The use of biogenic manganese oxides, biogenic silver nanoparticles, and ionic
silver for the oxidative elimination of the drug diclofenac and its dechlorinated form,
2-anilinophenylacetate, has been evaluated.
310
N. Ramírez-Durán et al.