[32]. The disposal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants varies between 0 and
80%, but they are mainly in the range of 21–40% [33].
9 Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen, which belongs to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is
among the most consumed pharmaceutical products worldwide and shows analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin [34, 35]. This pharmaceutical product has been detected in the aquatic environment at minimum concentrations of up to 603 μg/L in untreated wastewater, up to
85 μg/L in treated effluents, and up to 5 μg/L in surface waters [34–36].
Ibuprofen is the third most consumed pharmaceutical product in the world
[37]. The sale of ibuprofen in Poland and Germany reached 58 tons in 2000 and
345 tons in 2001, respectively [20]. This medicine is the most frequently detected
pharmaceutical product in the aquatic environment [38].
The potentially harmful effect of ibuprofen present in water has led to the search
for new methods for its elimination from the environment. Technological and
economic solutions include microbiological degradation. The search for new strains
capable of degrading ibuprofen could be one of the answers to increase the detection
of pharmaceutical products in water.
10 Naproxen
Naproxen is one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with
antipyretic and analgesic properties. It shows a broad spectrum of work in the
treatment of mild to moderate pain. Naproxen inhibits cyclooxygenases I and II,
which influence the level of prostaglandins and thromboxanes [39].
Due to its biological activity, naproxen can influence living organisms and reduce
the biodiversity of natural environmental communities. Brozinski et al. (2013) [39],
observed a seasonal variation in the concentration of naproxen in the water of Lake
Haapajarvi, Finland, which ranges between 40 ng/L in November and 210 ng/L in
February. At the same time, the concentration of naproxen detected in bile from two
species of wild fish, the goldfish (Abramis brama) and the cockroach (Rutilus
rutilus) caught in this lake, was almost 1,000 times higher and varied from 6 to
32 ng/mL and from 11 to 103 ng/mL, respectively [39].
It is known that naproxen can affect mRNA expression and has a negative
influence on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
[40]. According to Li et al., the lethal dose 50% (LD 50 ) of naproxen for zebrafish
embryos and larvae was 115.2 and 147.6 mg/L, respectively [41].
308
N. Ramírez-Durán et al.
80%, but they are mainly in the range of 21–40% [33].
9 Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen, which belongs to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is
among the most consumed pharmaceutical products worldwide and shows analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin [34, 35]. This pharmaceutical product has been detected in the aquatic environment at minimum concentrations of up to 603 μg/L in untreated wastewater, up to
85 μg/L in treated effluents, and up to 5 μg/L in surface waters [34–36].
Ibuprofen is the third most consumed pharmaceutical product in the world
[37]. The sale of ibuprofen in Poland and Germany reached 58 tons in 2000 and
345 tons in 2001, respectively [20]. This medicine is the most frequently detected
pharmaceutical product in the aquatic environment [38].
The potentially harmful effect of ibuprofen present in water has led to the search
for new methods for its elimination from the environment. Technological and
economic solutions include microbiological degradation. The search for new strains
capable of degrading ibuprofen could be one of the answers to increase the detection
of pharmaceutical products in water.
10 Naproxen
Naproxen is one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with
antipyretic and analgesic properties. It shows a broad spectrum of work in the
treatment of mild to moderate pain. Naproxen inhibits cyclooxygenases I and II,
which influence the level of prostaglandins and thromboxanes [39].
Due to its biological activity, naproxen can influence living organisms and reduce
the biodiversity of natural environmental communities. Brozinski et al. (2013) [39],
observed a seasonal variation in the concentration of naproxen in the water of Lake
Haapajarvi, Finland, which ranges between 40 ng/L in November and 210 ng/L in
February. At the same time, the concentration of naproxen detected in bile from two
species of wild fish, the goldfish (Abramis brama) and the cockroach (Rutilus
rutilus) caught in this lake, was almost 1,000 times higher and varied from 6 to
32 ng/mL and from 11 to 103 ng/mL, respectively [39].
It is known that naproxen can affect mRNA expression and has a negative
influence on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
[40]. According to Li et al., the lethal dose 50% (LD 50 ) of naproxen for zebrafish
embryos and larvae was 115.2 and 147.6 mg/L, respectively [41].
308
N. Ramírez-Durán et al.