depending on the water matrix, and it was attributed to high concentration of water
solutes, such as dissolved organic matter, bicarbonates, transition metals, etc., that
could compete for the photogenerated radicals or weaken the radiant flux reaching
the catalyst [44]. In Table 2, we have summarized some of the nanostructured
photocatalysts that have been used to remove NSAIDs.
Table 2 Selected examples of NSAIDs and specific photocatalysts used for their degradation
NSAID
Photocatalyst
Catalyst
load
Concentration
of NSAID
Vis
or
UV
% of
removal References
Naproxen
SDAg-CQDs/UCN 50 mg
4 mg/L
Vis
87.5%
in
24 min
[44]
GO/LaVO 4
–
–
Vis
45% in
6 h
[47]
N, S-TiO 2
2 g/L
5 mg/L
Vis
99.3%
in
90 min
[36]
Diclofenac g-C 3 N 4
0.9 g
25 g/dm
3
Vis
77% in
2 h
[46]
10%
wt. MWCNToxTiO 2
0.5 g/L
8 mg/L
UV
100% in
30 min
[48]
Diclofenac
sodium
CuB i2 O 4 /Ag 3 PO 4
0.25 g
10 mg/L
Vis
85.45%
in 2 h
[49]
N, S, C-doped ZnO 0.44 g/L –
UV
98% in
4 h
[50]
Ibuprofen
3%
wt. GQD/AgVO 3
0.01 g
10 mg/L
Vis
90% in
2 h
[51]
PAN-MWCNT/
TiO 2 -NH 2
15 mg
5 mg/L
UV
99% in
2 h
[52]
g-C 3 N 4
0.9 g
15 g/dm
3
Vis
71% in
2 h
[46]
POPD/Sb 2 O 3
50 mg
50 mg/L
Solar 91.49%
in 1 h
[53]
BaBi 4 Ti 4 O 15
–
10 mg/L
Vis
80% in
2 h
[54]
BaBiO 3
–
10 mg/L
Vis
60% in
2 h
[54]
N, S-TiO 2
2 g/L
5 mg/L
Vis
85% in
90 min
[36]
Acidified g-C 3 N 4 /
PANI/RGO biochar
0.5 mg/
mL
20 mg/L
Vis
98.4%
in
50 min
[55]
Ketoprofen MWCNT-TiO 2
1.2 g/L
59 μM
UV
100% in
15 min
[56]
Nanotechnologies for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug from. . .
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