5 Conclusion
The present study concludes that acetylsalicylic acid induced alterations in the
haematological, biochemical, enzymatic and antioxidant activities of the freshwater
fish at chronic concentrations. Therefore it is more rational to affirm that a rise or fall
in any of these biomarkers in ASA-exposed fish provides significant information on
the overall physiology, metabolism and health status of fish under examination. As a
future outlook, we suggest evaluating biodistribution and biotransformation of ASA
in fishes as it would provide insight into the biomagnifying potency of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota.
References
1. Narra MR (2016) Single and cartel effect of pesticides on biochemical and haematological
status of Clarias batrachus: a long-term monitoring. Chemosphere 144:966–974
2. Piedade F, Bio S, Nunes B et al (2020) Effects of common pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol
and acetylsalicylic acid) short term exposure on biomarkers of the mussel Mytilus spp. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 73:103276
3. Kaleniecka A, Zarzycki PK et al (2015) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: sources,
effects, treatment methods. Arch Physiother Glob Res 19(3):39–52
4. Ramesh M, Anitha S, Poopal RK et al (2018a) Evaluation of acute and sublethal effects of
chloroquine (C 18 H 26 CIN 3 ) on certain enzymological and histopathological biomarker
responses of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol Rep 5:18–27
5. Miller TH, Bury NR, Owen SF et al (2018) A review of the pharmaceutical exposure in some
aquatic fauna. Environ Pollut 239:129–146
6. Sharma CM, Borgstrøm R, Huitfeldt JS et al (2008) Selective exploitation of large pike Esox
lucius-effects on mercury concentrations in fish populations. Sci Total Environ 399
(1–3):33–40
7. Gilroy EA, Klinck JS, Campbell SD et al (2014) Toxicity and bioconcentration of the
pharmaceuticals moxifloxacin, rosuvastatin, and drospirenone to the unionid mussel Lampsilis
siliquoidea. Sci Total Environ 487:537–544
8. Liu P, Temrikar Z, Lee H et al (2018) Purification of biosynthesized drug metabolites by
supercritical fluid chromatography. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 33(1):S78
9. Zhang Y, Zhu L, Zhou Y et al (2015) Accumulation and elimination of iron oxide
nanomaterials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon chronic aqueous exposure. J Environ Sci
30:223–230
10. Ji K, Choi K, Lee S et al (2010) Effects of sulfathiazole, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline
on steroidogenesis in the human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cell line and freshwater fish
Oryzias latipes. J Hazard Mater 182(1–3):494–502
11. Monneret C (2017) What is an endocrine disruptor? C R Biol 340(9–10):403–405
12. Tran VS, Ngoa HH, Guo W et al (2017) Removal of antibiotics (sulfamethazine, tetracycline
and chloramphenicol) from aqueous solution by raw and nitrogen plasma modified steel
shavings. Sci Total Environ 601-602:845–856
13. Zhao S, Wang X, Li Y et al (2016) Bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in
marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to sulfamethazine. Aquat Toxicol 181:29–36
14. Kurunthachalam SK (2012) Pharmaceutical substances in India are a point of great concern.
Hydrol Curr Res 3:3–5
210
S. Siddeswaran et al.
The present study concludes that acetylsalicylic acid induced alterations in the
haematological, biochemical, enzymatic and antioxidant activities of the freshwater
fish at chronic concentrations. Therefore it is more rational to affirm that a rise or fall
in any of these biomarkers in ASA-exposed fish provides significant information on
the overall physiology, metabolism and health status of fish under examination. As a
future outlook, we suggest evaluating biodistribution and biotransformation of ASA
in fishes as it would provide insight into the biomagnifying potency of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota.
References
1. Narra MR (2016) Single and cartel effect of pesticides on biochemical and haematological
status of Clarias batrachus: a long-term monitoring. Chemosphere 144:966–974
2. Piedade F, Bio S, Nunes B et al (2020) Effects of common pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol
and acetylsalicylic acid) short term exposure on biomarkers of the mussel Mytilus spp. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 73:103276
3. Kaleniecka A, Zarzycki PK et al (2015) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: sources,
effects, treatment methods. Arch Physiother Glob Res 19(3):39–52
4. Ramesh M, Anitha S, Poopal RK et al (2018a) Evaluation of acute and sublethal effects of
chloroquine (C 18 H 26 CIN 3 ) on certain enzymological and histopathological biomarker
responses of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol Rep 5:18–27
5. Miller TH, Bury NR, Owen SF et al (2018) A review of the pharmaceutical exposure in some
aquatic fauna. Environ Pollut 239:129–146
6. Sharma CM, Borgstrøm R, Huitfeldt JS et al (2008) Selective exploitation of large pike Esox
lucius-effects on mercury concentrations in fish populations. Sci Total Environ 399
(1–3):33–40
7. Gilroy EA, Klinck JS, Campbell SD et al (2014) Toxicity and bioconcentration of the
pharmaceuticals moxifloxacin, rosuvastatin, and drospirenone to the unionid mussel Lampsilis
siliquoidea. Sci Total Environ 487:537–544
8. Liu P, Temrikar Z, Lee H et al (2018) Purification of biosynthesized drug metabolites by
supercritical fluid chromatography. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 33(1):S78
9. Zhang Y, Zhu L, Zhou Y et al (2015) Accumulation and elimination of iron oxide
nanomaterials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon chronic aqueous exposure. J Environ Sci
30:223–230
10. Ji K, Choi K, Lee S et al (2010) Effects of sulfathiazole, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline
on steroidogenesis in the human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cell line and freshwater fish
Oryzias latipes. J Hazard Mater 182(1–3):494–502
11. Monneret C (2017) What is an endocrine disruptor? C R Biol 340(9–10):403–405
12. Tran VS, Ngoa HH, Guo W et al (2017) Removal of antibiotics (sulfamethazine, tetracycline
and chloramphenicol) from aqueous solution by raw and nitrogen plasma modified steel
shavings. Sci Total Environ 601-602:845–856
13. Zhao S, Wang X, Li Y et al (2016) Bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in
marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to sulfamethazine. Aquat Toxicol 181:29–36
14. Kurunthachalam SK (2012) Pharmaceutical substances in India are a point of great concern.
Hydrol Curr Res 3:3–5
210
S. Siddeswaran et al.