Ibuprofen and Diclofenac: Effects
on Freshwater and Marine Aquatic
Organisms – Are They at Risk?
Chiara Trombini, Julián Blasco, and Miriam Hampel
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3 Species Sensitivity Distributions DF and IB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4 Drug Mixture: Prediction of Effects and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1 Case Studies: Acute Toxicity of DF and IB and Their Mixture on the Marine
Copepod Tisbe battagliai and the Freshwater Shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii . . . . . 170
5 Sublethal Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.1 Case Study: Sublethal Toxicity of DF and IB in the Freshwater Shrimp Atyaephyra
desmarestii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.2 Case Study: Acute and Sublethal Toxicity of DF in the Shrimp Palaemon
longirostris and Palaemon serratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3 Case Study: Acute and Sublethal Toxicity of Sediment Sorbed DF and IB
in the Midge Chironomus riparius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6 New Approaches: Mechanistic Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7 Conclusions and Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Abstract Pharmaceuticals are included in the group of emergent pollutants due to
their characteristics and potential negative effects. They remain mostly unregulated
or are undergoing currently some sort of regularization process. Diclofenac, for
instance, has been included in a watch list of substances for European Union-wide
monitoring and the priority list of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the
C. Trombini and J. Blasco (*)
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San
Pedro, Puerto Real, Spain
e-mail: julian.blasco@csic.es
M. Hampel
Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional
del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact,
Hdb Env Chem (2020) 96: 161–190, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_548,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 20 July 2020
161
on Freshwater and Marine Aquatic
Organisms – Are They at Risk?
Chiara Trombini, Julián Blasco, and Miriam Hampel
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3 Species Sensitivity Distributions DF and IB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4 Drug Mixture: Prediction of Effects and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1 Case Studies: Acute Toxicity of DF and IB and Their Mixture on the Marine
Copepod Tisbe battagliai and the Freshwater Shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii . . . . . 170
5 Sublethal Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.1 Case Study: Sublethal Toxicity of DF and IB in the Freshwater Shrimp Atyaephyra
desmarestii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.2 Case Study: Acute and Sublethal Toxicity of DF in the Shrimp Palaemon
longirostris and Palaemon serratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3 Case Study: Acute and Sublethal Toxicity of Sediment Sorbed DF and IB
in the Midge Chironomus riparius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6 New Approaches: Mechanistic Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7 Conclusions and Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Abstract Pharmaceuticals are included in the group of emergent pollutants due to
their characteristics and potential negative effects. They remain mostly unregulated
or are undergoing currently some sort of regularization process. Diclofenac, for
instance, has been included in a watch list of substances for European Union-wide
monitoring and the priority list of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the
C. Trombini and J. Blasco (*)
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San
Pedro, Puerto Real, Spain
e-mail: julian.blasco@csic.es
M. Hampel
Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional
del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact,
Hdb Env Chem (2020) 96: 161–190, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_548,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 20 July 2020
161