P. albonotatus, heart rhythm alterations were detected compared to the control
group. Finally, a teratogenic index of 22.62 for T. typhonius and 19.69 for
P. albonotatus was obtained, which indicate that diclofenac is a teratogenic agent
to both species. Enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S transferase was also affected in both species showing different behaviors according to the
concentrations tested; at low concentrations (125 μg/L), enzymes were inhibited,
meanwhile at high concentrations, they were induced (2,000 μg/L); swimming
behavior followed the same trend; at lower concentrations, a lower frequency was
observed in the swim and less activity, while at higher concentrations, the frequency
of activity and swimming was higher. These results show that diclofenac is a
teratogenic drug for Trachycephalus typhonius and Physalaemus albonotatus triggering effects on embryogenesis and larval development; diclofenac is able to
interfere with different biological functions affecting processes such as growth and
development as well as generating abnormalities in different organs [28].
When Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to diclofenac at concentrations of
1 and 10 μg/L, the percentage of malformed embryos was approximately 30%; the
malformations with the highest incidence were convex shell hinges, mineralization
failures, transcription effects of several genes involved in biomineralization, biotransformation, antioxidant defense, and apoptosis; this demonstrates that diclofenac
is capable to induce effects on the development of Mytilus galloprovincialis [29].
Danio rerio embryos were exposed to diclofenac at concentrations of 1.01, 3.38,
10.13, and 15.2 μM for 4 days; highest concentrations reached the maximum
mortality effect at the fourth day of exposure, manifesting several abnormalities,
mainly axial malformations and pericardial edema; abnormalities increased in severity as the concentration increased; at lower concentrations, malformations observed
were shorter body length; smaller eye; muscle degeneration; lack of liver, intestine,
and circulation; pericardial and body edema; and abnormal pigmentation. Diclofenac
has the ability to be absorbed through non-covalent junctions and easily interact with
embryos and thus generates developmental damage resulting in malformations such
as curvature of the trunk and tail, as well as failure to regulate certain genes; such
failures can lead to alterations in cardiogenic differentiation, which can generate
pericardial edema as well as failures in the nervous system [30].
The exposure of Salmo trutta embryos to diclofenac at concentrations 0.1, 0.5,
1, 10, and 100 μg/L showed no toxic effects, and statistical differences to the control
group were determined after the morality, hatching, development, or heart rhythm
test through the embryonic development of Salmo trutta when it is exposed to these
concentrations [31].
Danio rerio was exposed to diclofenac at 3.8, 7.5, and 15 mg/L; different
malformations were observed, and the most recurrent were pericardial and yolk
sac edemas and restricted systemic circulation; at 15 mg/L, a decrease in heart rate
and a 100% inhibition of hatching were observed; at 3.8 mg/L, no severe effects
were observed, and the hatching rate was not affected, nor were behavioral or in the
swimming activity effects [32]. In another research, Danio rerio was exposed to
1, 20, 100, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μg/L of diclofenac diluted with DMSO; no
significant effects on the development of this organism were observed, even though
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I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.
group. Finally, a teratogenic index of 22.62 for T. typhonius and 19.69 for
P. albonotatus was obtained, which indicate that diclofenac is a teratogenic agent
to both species. Enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S transferase was also affected in both species showing different behaviors according to the
concentrations tested; at low concentrations (125 μg/L), enzymes were inhibited,
meanwhile at high concentrations, they were induced (2,000 μg/L); swimming
behavior followed the same trend; at lower concentrations, a lower frequency was
observed in the swim and less activity, while at higher concentrations, the frequency
of activity and swimming was higher. These results show that diclofenac is a
teratogenic drug for Trachycephalus typhonius and Physalaemus albonotatus triggering effects on embryogenesis and larval development; diclofenac is able to
interfere with different biological functions affecting processes such as growth and
development as well as generating abnormalities in different organs [28].
When Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to diclofenac at concentrations of
1 and 10 μg/L, the percentage of malformed embryos was approximately 30%; the
malformations with the highest incidence were convex shell hinges, mineralization
failures, transcription effects of several genes involved in biomineralization, biotransformation, antioxidant defense, and apoptosis; this demonstrates that diclofenac
is capable to induce effects on the development of Mytilus galloprovincialis [29].
Danio rerio embryos were exposed to diclofenac at concentrations of 1.01, 3.38,
10.13, and 15.2 μM for 4 days; highest concentrations reached the maximum
mortality effect at the fourth day of exposure, manifesting several abnormalities,
mainly axial malformations and pericardial edema; abnormalities increased in severity as the concentration increased; at lower concentrations, malformations observed
were shorter body length; smaller eye; muscle degeneration; lack of liver, intestine,
and circulation; pericardial and body edema; and abnormal pigmentation. Diclofenac
has the ability to be absorbed through non-covalent junctions and easily interact with
embryos and thus generates developmental damage resulting in malformations such
as curvature of the trunk and tail, as well as failure to regulate certain genes; such
failures can lead to alterations in cardiogenic differentiation, which can generate
pericardial edema as well as failures in the nervous system [30].
The exposure of Salmo trutta embryos to diclofenac at concentrations 0.1, 0.5,
1, 10, and 100 μg/L showed no toxic effects, and statistical differences to the control
group were determined after the morality, hatching, development, or heart rhythm
test through the embryonic development of Salmo trutta when it is exposed to these
concentrations [31].
Danio rerio was exposed to diclofenac at 3.8, 7.5, and 15 mg/L; different
malformations were observed, and the most recurrent were pericardial and yolk
sac edemas and restricted systemic circulation; at 15 mg/L, a decrease in heart rate
and a 100% inhibition of hatching were observed; at 3.8 mg/L, no severe effects
were observed, and the hatching rate was not affected, nor were behavioral or in the
swimming activity effects [32]. In another research, Danio rerio was exposed to
1, 20, 100, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μg/L of diclofenac diluted with DMSO; no
significant effects on the development of this organism were observed, even though
120
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.