compartment within an organism. This type of biomarker is used to confirm the
exposure of individuals or populations to a particular substance.
(b) Susceptibility biomarkers: they indicate the inherent or acquired capacity of an
organism to respond to changes produced by exposure to a specific xenobiotic.
This type of biomarker helps elucidate variations in the degree of responses by
exposure to a toxic, observing differences between individuals.
(c) Biomarkers of effect: they include the biochemical, genetic, physiological,
behavioral, and other alterations within a tissue or body fluids of an organism,
which can be recognized and associated with a deterioration of health status.
A bioindicator is defined as a living organism (i.e., plants, plankton, animals, and
microbes) that is used to detect the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment and control the presence of pollution and its effect on the ecosystem in which it
lives [35, 36].
Some advantages of the use of bioindicators are the following: (1) biological
impacts can be determined, (2) monitor the synergistic and antagonistic impacts of
various pollutants, (3) diagnosis of toxic effects at an early stage, (4) can be easily
counted, due to their prevalence, (5) they are an economically viable alternative
compared to other specialized measurement systems [36].
4 Studies of Oxidative Damage on Aquatic Organisms
The effects of NSAIDs on different aquatic bioindicators have been reported worldwide. Table 1 shows some studies that have been carried out in recent years.
5 Conclusions
Oxidative damage to biomolecules are useful indicators of the effects of pollutants
(drugs) on aquatic ecosystems, since these types of effects can be associated with
organic disorders that can affect the life of the organisms involved. Although there
DNA Alterations and Cellular Damage Induced by Non-steroidal. . .
109
exposure of individuals or populations to a particular substance.
(b) Susceptibility biomarkers: they indicate the inherent or acquired capacity of an
organism to respond to changes produced by exposure to a specific xenobiotic.
This type of biomarker helps elucidate variations in the degree of responses by
exposure to a toxic, observing differences between individuals.
(c) Biomarkers of effect: they include the biochemical, genetic, physiological,
behavioral, and other alterations within a tissue or body fluids of an organism,
which can be recognized and associated with a deterioration of health status.
A bioindicator is defined as a living organism (i.e., plants, plankton, animals, and
microbes) that is used to detect the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment and control the presence of pollution and its effect on the ecosystem in which it
lives [35, 36].
Some advantages of the use of bioindicators are the following: (1) biological
impacts can be determined, (2) monitor the synergistic and antagonistic impacts of
various pollutants, (3) diagnosis of toxic effects at an early stage, (4) can be easily
counted, due to their prevalence, (5) they are an economically viable alternative
compared to other specialized measurement systems [36].
4 Studies of Oxidative Damage on Aquatic Organisms
The effects of NSAIDs on different aquatic bioindicators have been reported worldwide. Table 1 shows some studies that have been carried out in recent years.
5 Conclusions
Oxidative damage to biomolecules are useful indicators of the effects of pollutants
(drugs) on aquatic ecosystems, since these types of effects can be associated with
organic disorders that can affect the life of the organisms involved. Although there
DNA Alterations and Cellular Damage Induced by Non-steroidal. . .
109