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2 Environmental Conditions in the Mine
2.6.8 Mine Waters
Water that enters the mine through cracks has a temperature corresponding to the
temperature of the rock prior to the work. In addition, so called mine water, is
that which is either already present or is generated within the mine. This category
includes the water that has to be brought to the surface for mine activities to take place
and, for example, the water from ventilation-related processes such as refrigeration.
The temperature of mine water may be higher than that of water from other sources.
Depending on the water’s origin, if one knows the temperature drop that it undergoes,
the rate of heat flow can be estimated by adapting Eq. 2.23 to water cooling. To reduce
the release of heat into the air, measures can be taken such as covering and rapidly
channelling any water present in the mine.
2.6.9 Other Sources
Oxidation reactions involving sulphides, wood and coal, as well as the hydration of
cement and particular salts such as kieserite or carnallite are exothermic, and so pose
a potential fire risk. The heat produced from these sources is, however, very difficult
to estimate and although there are some exceptions—for example, in certain coal
mines and potash mines—it is generally of moderate importance.
References
Alduchov, O. A., & Eskridge, R. E. (1996). Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation
vapor pressure. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35(4), 601–609.
Ayers, D. M. (2017). Comparing the NIOSH method 5040 to a diesel particulate matter meter for
elemental carbon. Theses and Dissertations (All). 1573.
Badino, G. (2009). The legend of carbon dioxide heaviness. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,
71(1), 100–107.
Banerjee, S. P. (2003). Mine ventilation. Dhanbad, India: Lovely Prakashan.
Black, S., & Mullins, B. (2019). A study of nano diesel particulate matter (nDPM) Behaviour and
physico-chemical changes in underground hard rock mines of Western Australia.
Brake, D. J. (2008). Psychrometry, mine heat loads, mine climate and cooling. Brisbane, Australia:
Mine Ventilation Australia.
Bugarski, A. D., Janisko, S. J., Cauda, E. G., Noll, J. D., & Mischler, S. E. (2012). Controlling
exposure to diesel emissions in underground mines (p. 37). NIOSH.
Calizaya, F., & Marks, J. (2011). Heat, humidity and air conditioning. In SME mining engineering
handbook. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
CEN. European Committee for Standardization. (1993). DIN EN 481, Workplace atmospheres–Size
fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (1987). A recommended standard for
occupational exposure to radon progeny in underground mines. Publication No. 88-101.
Deveau, M., Chen, C. P., Johanson, G., Krewski, D., Maier, A., Niven, K. J., … & Zalk, D. M.
(2015). The global landscape of occupational exposure limits—Implementation of harmonization
2 Environmental Conditions in the Mine
2.6.8 Mine Waters
Water that enters the mine through cracks has a temperature corresponding to the
temperature of the rock prior to the work. In addition, so called mine water, is
that which is either already present or is generated within the mine. This category
includes the water that has to be brought to the surface for mine activities to take place
and, for example, the water from ventilation-related processes such as refrigeration.
The temperature of mine water may be higher than that of water from other sources.
Depending on the water’s origin, if one knows the temperature drop that it undergoes,
the rate of heat flow can be estimated by adapting Eq. 2.23 to water cooling. To reduce
the release of heat into the air, measures can be taken such as covering and rapidly
channelling any water present in the mine.
2.6.9 Other Sources
Oxidation reactions involving sulphides, wood and coal, as well as the hydration of
cement and particular salts such as kieserite or carnallite are exothermic, and so pose
a potential fire risk. The heat produced from these sources is, however, very difficult
to estimate and although there are some exceptions—for example, in certain coal
mines and potash mines—it is generally of moderate importance.
References
Alduchov, O. A., & Eskridge, R. E. (1996). Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation
vapor pressure. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35(4), 601–609.
Ayers, D. M. (2017). Comparing the NIOSH method 5040 to a diesel particulate matter meter for
elemental carbon. Theses and Dissertations (All). 1573.
Badino, G. (2009). The legend of carbon dioxide heaviness. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,
71(1), 100–107.
Banerjee, S. P. (2003). Mine ventilation. Dhanbad, India: Lovely Prakashan.
Black, S., & Mullins, B. (2019). A study of nano diesel particulate matter (nDPM) Behaviour and
physico-chemical changes in underground hard rock mines of Western Australia.
Brake, D. J. (2008). Psychrometry, mine heat loads, mine climate and cooling. Brisbane, Australia:
Mine Ventilation Australia.
Bugarski, A. D., Janisko, S. J., Cauda, E. G., Noll, J. D., & Mischler, S. E. (2012). Controlling
exposure to diesel emissions in underground mines (p. 37). NIOSH.
Calizaya, F., & Marks, J. (2011). Heat, humidity and air conditioning. In SME mining engineering
handbook. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
CEN. European Committee for Standardization. (1993). DIN EN 481, Workplace atmospheres–Size
fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (1987). A recommended standard for
occupational exposure to radon progeny in underground mines. Publication No. 88-101.
Deveau, M., Chen, C. P., Johanson, G., Krewski, D., Maier, A., Niven, K. J., … & Zalk, D. M.
(2015). The global landscape of occupational exposure limits—Implementation of harmonization