Akhtar N, Iqbal J, Iqbal M (2004) Removal and recovery of nickel (II) from aqueous solution by
loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana: characterization studies. J Hazard
Mater 108(1–2):85–94
Akhtar N, Iqbal M, Zafar SI, Iqbal J (2008) Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga
Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr (III). J Environ Sci
20:231–239
Aksu Z (2001) Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium (II) biosorption by C. vulgaris in a
batch system: effect of temperature. Sep Purif Technol 21:285–294
Aksu Z, D€onmez G (2006) Binary biosorption of cadmium (II) and nickel (II) onto dried Chlorella
vulgaris: co-ion effect on mono-component isotherm parameters. Process Biochem 41
(4):860–868
Ali H, Khan E, Sajad MA (2013) Phytoremediation of heavy metals-concepts and applications.
Chemosphere 91(7):869–881
Arıca MY, Tüzün I, Yalçın E, Ince €O, BayramoGlu G (2005) Utilization of native, heat and acidtreated microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii preparations for biosorption of Cr (VI) ions.
Process Biochem 40(7):2351–2358
Ayansina SA, Olubukola OB (2017) A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a
review of microbial biosorbents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:94. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph14010094
Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated
water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97:219–243
Barakat MA (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem
4:361–377
Bayramoğlu G, Tuzun I, Celik G, Yilmaz M, Arica MY (2006) Biosorption of mercury(II),
cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous system by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
immobilized in alginate beads. Int J Miner Process 81:35–43
Brinza L, Dring MJ, Gavrilescu M (2007) Marine micro and macro algal species as biosorbents for
heavy metals. Environ Eng Manag J 6(3):237–251
Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Górecka H (2005) Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd
2+ and Cu
2+ ions by bluegreen algae Spirulina sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and the mechanism of the process. Chemosphere
59:75–84
Chowdhury P, Elkamel A, Ray AK (2015) Photocatalytic processes for the removal of toxic metal
ions. In: Sharma SK (ed) Heavy metals in water: presence, removal and safety. The Royal
Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 25–43
Cobbett C, Goldsbrough P (2002) Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal
detoxification and homeostasis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:159–182
Da Costa ACA, de França FP (1998) The behavior of the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii in cadmiumcontaminated solutions. Aquacult Int 6:57–66
David SD, Marina C, Jonatan UF, Maria Dalgaard M, Peter U, William GTW (2012) The cell walls
of green algae: a journey through evolution and diversity. Front Plant Sci 3:82–81
De-Bashan LE, Bashan Y (2010) Immobilized microalgae for removing pollutants: review of
practical aspects. Bioresour Technol 101(6):1611–1627
Dominic VJ, Soumya M, Nisha MC (2009) Phycoremediation efficiency of three micro algae
Chlorella Vulgaris, Synechocystis Salina and Gloeocapsa Gelatinosa. Acad Rev 16
(1&2):138–146
Dönmez GÇ, Aksu Z, Öztürk A, Kutsal T (1999) A comparative study on heavy metal biosorption
characteristics of some algae. Process Biochem 34:885–892
Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL, Gami B (2006) Spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopy
studies of bioaccumulation of pollutants by algae. Curr Microbiol 53(2):148–157
Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL (2007) Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 96(6):1051–1063
Doshi H, Seth C, Ray A, Kothari IL (2008) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae. Curr
Microbiol 56:246–255
72
S. Ahmad et al.
loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana: characterization studies. J Hazard
Mater 108(1–2):85–94
Akhtar N, Iqbal M, Zafar SI, Iqbal J (2008) Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga
Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr (III). J Environ Sci
20:231–239
Aksu Z (2001) Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium (II) biosorption by C. vulgaris in a
batch system: effect of temperature. Sep Purif Technol 21:285–294
Aksu Z, D€onmez G (2006) Binary biosorption of cadmium (II) and nickel (II) onto dried Chlorella
vulgaris: co-ion effect on mono-component isotherm parameters. Process Biochem 41
(4):860–868
Ali H, Khan E, Sajad MA (2013) Phytoremediation of heavy metals-concepts and applications.
Chemosphere 91(7):869–881
Arıca MY, Tüzün I, Yalçın E, Ince €O, BayramoGlu G (2005) Utilization of native, heat and acidtreated microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii preparations for biosorption of Cr (VI) ions.
Process Biochem 40(7):2351–2358
Ayansina SA, Olubukola OB (2017) A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a
review of microbial biosorbents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:94. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph14010094
Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated
water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97:219–243
Barakat MA (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem
4:361–377
Bayramoğlu G, Tuzun I, Celik G, Yilmaz M, Arica MY (2006) Biosorption of mercury(II),
cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous system by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
immobilized in alginate beads. Int J Miner Process 81:35–43
Brinza L, Dring MJ, Gavrilescu M (2007) Marine micro and macro algal species as biosorbents for
heavy metals. Environ Eng Manag J 6(3):237–251
Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Górecka H (2005) Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd
2+ and Cu
2+ ions by bluegreen algae Spirulina sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and the mechanism of the process. Chemosphere
59:75–84
Chowdhury P, Elkamel A, Ray AK (2015) Photocatalytic processes for the removal of toxic metal
ions. In: Sharma SK (ed) Heavy metals in water: presence, removal and safety. The Royal
Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 25–43
Cobbett C, Goldsbrough P (2002) Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal
detoxification and homeostasis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:159–182
Da Costa ACA, de França FP (1998) The behavior of the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii in cadmiumcontaminated solutions. Aquacult Int 6:57–66
David SD, Marina C, Jonatan UF, Maria Dalgaard M, Peter U, William GTW (2012) The cell walls
of green algae: a journey through evolution and diversity. Front Plant Sci 3:82–81
De-Bashan LE, Bashan Y (2010) Immobilized microalgae for removing pollutants: review of
practical aspects. Bioresour Technol 101(6):1611–1627
Dominic VJ, Soumya M, Nisha MC (2009) Phycoremediation efficiency of three micro algae
Chlorella Vulgaris, Synechocystis Salina and Gloeocapsa Gelatinosa. Acad Rev 16
(1&2):138–146
Dönmez GÇ, Aksu Z, Öztürk A, Kutsal T (1999) A comparative study on heavy metal biosorption
characteristics of some algae. Process Biochem 34:885–892
Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL, Gami B (2006) Spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopy
studies of bioaccumulation of pollutants by algae. Curr Microbiol 53(2):148–157
Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL (2007) Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 96(6):1051–1063
Doshi H, Seth C, Ray A, Kothari IL (2008) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae. Curr
Microbiol 56:246–255
72
S. Ahmad et al.