space avoiding HM toxicity. Inside the cell HM ion can be distributed in cell
vacuoles and organelle given in Fig. 3.3. Several cell-derived biomolecules
(polyphosphates, phytochelatins, metallothioneins, metalloproteins, etc.) help in
the sequestration of HMs from the wastewater. Besides this, the enzymatic reaction
Fig. 3.3 Cellular mechanism of HMs: (a) inside the living cell; (b) on the cell surface
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