nitrogen (TKN) reductions up to 84%, 64%, 79%, and 59%. This study
recommended that CW may be a sustainable tertiary treatment technique for the
remediation of contaminants present in distillery effluent. In another study, Trivedy
and Nakate (2000) used wetland plant T. latifolia for treatment of distillery effluent
in a CW treatment system. This treatment system resulted in 47% and 78% decrease
in BOD and COD, respectively, in an incubation of 10 days. Increasing concentration of distillery effluent significantly reduced the biomass of growing plant with the
highest accumulation of Fe being recorded in plants growing in 100% concentration
of effluent. Aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton pectinatus was used to accumulate
Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe and efficiently clear out the distillery effluent (Singh et al. 2005).
Chaturvedi et al. (2006) reported the phytoremediation potential of P. australis
grown on distillery effluent contaminated site. She also characterized the diverse
bacterial species from the rhizospheric zone of P. australis. The culturable bacterial
species were helpful for the degradation and detoxification of noxious pollutants that
exist in the distillery effluent. They observed 75.5% reduction of color by the same
bacterial species along with a concomitant reduction in BOD, COD, sulfate, phenol,
and HM values. Bharagava et al. (2008) study the HM accumulation efficiency and
its physiological effects in Brassica nigra L. (Indian mustard) plants grown in soil
irrigated with different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, v/v) of PMDE after
30, 60, and 90 days treatment. This study concluded that B. nigra L. accumulate
elevated concentration of Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Cd due to increased amount of
cysteine and ascorbic acid (work as antioxidants) in leaves, shoot, and root of
B. nigra L. at all the concentration and exposure periods of PMDE except at
90 days period, where a decrease was observed at 100% PMDE concentration as
compared to their respective control. Chandra and Yadav (2010) conducted a pot
culture experiment to evaluate the accumulation pattern of Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and
Zn in T. angustifolia grown in Zn-, Mn-, Fe-, Ni-, Pb-, and Cu-rich aqueous solutions
of phenols and melanoidins. They concluded that T. angustifolia could be an
efficient phytoremediator for HMs from melanoidin-, phenol-, and metal-containing
industrial effluent at optimized conditions. Recently, Hatano et al. (2016) observed
the chelating property of melanoidin like the product (MLP) and to assess the
facilitatory influence on the phytoextraction potential of Raphanus sativus var.
longipinnatus (Japanese radish). They reported that MLP binds with all the tested
HM ions and the metal ions binding capability of MLP toward Cu
2+ found to be the
maximum among them. The metal detoxification by MLP followed the order of Pb
2
+ > Zn
2+ > Ni
2+ > Cu
2+ > Fe
2+ > Cd
2+ > Co
2+ . In another study, Hatano and Yamatsu
(2018) evaluated the facilitatory effect of MLP on phytoextraction potential of three
Brassica species grown in a medium containing Pb or Cd. They reported that
biomass and Pb
2+ uptake in the nutrient medium with 1 mM Pb nitrate were
significantly increased by the addition of MLP and all the Pb
2+ from the medium
was accumulated in the root tissues. They concluded that MLP was able to detoxify
Pb
2+ and to improve their bioavailability in Brassica species.
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
519
recommended that CW may be a sustainable tertiary treatment technique for the
remediation of contaminants present in distillery effluent. In another study, Trivedy
and Nakate (2000) used wetland plant T. latifolia for treatment of distillery effluent
in a CW treatment system. This treatment system resulted in 47% and 78% decrease
in BOD and COD, respectively, in an incubation of 10 days. Increasing concentration of distillery effluent significantly reduced the biomass of growing plant with the
highest accumulation of Fe being recorded in plants growing in 100% concentration
of effluent. Aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton pectinatus was used to accumulate
Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe and efficiently clear out the distillery effluent (Singh et al. 2005).
Chaturvedi et al. (2006) reported the phytoremediation potential of P. australis
grown on distillery effluent contaminated site. She also characterized the diverse
bacterial species from the rhizospheric zone of P. australis. The culturable bacterial
species were helpful for the degradation and detoxification of noxious pollutants that
exist in the distillery effluent. They observed 75.5% reduction of color by the same
bacterial species along with a concomitant reduction in BOD, COD, sulfate, phenol,
and HM values. Bharagava et al. (2008) study the HM accumulation efficiency and
its physiological effects in Brassica nigra L. (Indian mustard) plants grown in soil
irrigated with different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, v/v) of PMDE after
30, 60, and 90 days treatment. This study concluded that B. nigra L. accumulate
elevated concentration of Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Cd due to increased amount of
cysteine and ascorbic acid (work as antioxidants) in leaves, shoot, and root of
B. nigra L. at all the concentration and exposure periods of PMDE except at
90 days period, where a decrease was observed at 100% PMDE concentration as
compared to their respective control. Chandra and Yadav (2010) conducted a pot
culture experiment to evaluate the accumulation pattern of Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and
Zn in T. angustifolia grown in Zn-, Mn-, Fe-, Ni-, Pb-, and Cu-rich aqueous solutions
of phenols and melanoidins. They concluded that T. angustifolia could be an
efficient phytoremediator for HMs from melanoidin-, phenol-, and metal-containing
industrial effluent at optimized conditions. Recently, Hatano et al. (2016) observed
the chelating property of melanoidin like the product (MLP) and to assess the
facilitatory influence on the phytoextraction potential of Raphanus sativus var.
longipinnatus (Japanese radish). They reported that MLP binds with all the tested
HM ions and the metal ions binding capability of MLP toward Cu
2+ found to be the
maximum among them. The metal detoxification by MLP followed the order of Pb
2
+ > Zn
2+ > Ni
2+ > Cu
2+ > Fe
2+ > Cd
2+ > Co
2+ . In another study, Hatano and Yamatsu
(2018) evaluated the facilitatory effect of MLP on phytoextraction potential of three
Brassica species grown in a medium containing Pb or Cd. They reported that
biomass and Pb
2+ uptake in the nutrient medium with 1 mM Pb nitrate were
significantly increased by the addition of MLP and all the Pb
2+ from the medium
was accumulated in the root tissues. They concluded that MLP was able to detoxify
Pb
2+ and to improve their bioavailability in Brassica species.
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
519