dentatus, C. album, Pennisetum purpureum, Cynodon dactylon, S. munja, and
Argemone mexicana, which were abundantly grown on disposed distillery sludge.
Further, the phytoextraction potential of grown native grasses and weeds revealed
the high accumulation and translocation of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe in their leaves
and roots compared to shoot. The BCF and TF of B. alba, C. procera, T. cordifolia,
R. dentatus, C. album, P. purpureum, C. dactylon, S. munja, and A. mexicana for Ni,
Cu, and Zn were found >1, while the TF of most of the grown plant for Pb, Ni, Mn,
Cu, and Zn was noted >1. All the grown plants have been found for
hyperaccumulation properties of HMs from organometallic polluted site mixed
with androgenic and mutagenic compounds. The observation of root tissues of all
plant species through TEM analysis showed the formation of multi-vacuoles, multinucleolus, multi-nucleus, and mitochondria and opaque deposition of HMs granules
in the cellular organelle of the plant cell which indicated the HMs tolerance mechanism of the plant at an elevated concentration of HMs and other complex
co-pollutants. At an elevated level of HMs, the production of a larger number of
vacuoles and nucleolus increases the production of mRNA and ribosome, which
ultimately increase the production of new proteins being involved in the HM
tolerance in the plant. Moreover, the larger number of mitochondria formation
indicated the production of the higher amount of energy in the form of ATP inside
the cell, which is required in order to combat the HM toxicity. The authors
recommended that these native plants can be used for in situ phytoextraction of
HMs from industrial waste polluted sites.
6.2 Ex Situ Phytoremediation
For polluted sites where the pollutants are not bioavailable to plants, such as
pollutants present in deep aquifers, an alternative method of remediation applying
ex situ phytoremediation is possible. In this approach, the contaminated media are
removed from the actual site using mechanical means and then transferred to a
temporary treatment area where they can be exposed to plants selected for
phytoremediation. After treatment (phytoremediation), the cleaned soil or water
can be transferred to the original site, and the plant may be harvested for disposal
if necessary. Phytoremediation of melanoidins and HMs containing distillery waste
is an eco-friendly approach, and to date, only a restricted number of plant species
have been explored for the degradation of melanoidins, for example, Phragmites
karka, P. australis, P. communis, and Typha angustifolia (Chandra and Yadav 2010,
Chandra et al. 2012; Chandra et al. 2018d; Chaturvedi et al. 2006). For the removal
of distillery effluent contaminants, there is some significant work that has been done
by Billore et al. (2001) for a horizontal flow gravel bed constructed wetland (CW) to
treat conventional secondary treatment distillery effluent. After secondary treatment,
the concentrations of COD and BOD 5 in distillery effluent amounted to 2540 and
13,866 mg L
À1 , respectively, and therefore, additional treatment was essential. The
CW treatment system achieved BOD 5 , COD, total P (TP), and total Kjeldahl
518
V. Kumar and R. Chandra
Argemone mexicana, which were abundantly grown on disposed distillery sludge.
Further, the phytoextraction potential of grown native grasses and weeds revealed
the high accumulation and translocation of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe in their leaves
and roots compared to shoot. The BCF and TF of B. alba, C. procera, T. cordifolia,
R. dentatus, C. album, P. purpureum, C. dactylon, S. munja, and A. mexicana for Ni,
Cu, and Zn were found >1, while the TF of most of the grown plant for Pb, Ni, Mn,
Cu, and Zn was noted >1. All the grown plants have been found for
hyperaccumulation properties of HMs from organometallic polluted site mixed
with androgenic and mutagenic compounds. The observation of root tissues of all
plant species through TEM analysis showed the formation of multi-vacuoles, multinucleolus, multi-nucleus, and mitochondria and opaque deposition of HMs granules
in the cellular organelle of the plant cell which indicated the HMs tolerance mechanism of the plant at an elevated concentration of HMs and other complex
co-pollutants. At an elevated level of HMs, the production of a larger number of
vacuoles and nucleolus increases the production of mRNA and ribosome, which
ultimately increase the production of new proteins being involved in the HM
tolerance in the plant. Moreover, the larger number of mitochondria formation
indicated the production of the higher amount of energy in the form of ATP inside
the cell, which is required in order to combat the HM toxicity. The authors
recommended that these native plants can be used for in situ phytoextraction of
HMs from industrial waste polluted sites.
6.2 Ex Situ Phytoremediation
For polluted sites where the pollutants are not bioavailable to plants, such as
pollutants present in deep aquifers, an alternative method of remediation applying
ex situ phytoremediation is possible. In this approach, the contaminated media are
removed from the actual site using mechanical means and then transferred to a
temporary treatment area where they can be exposed to plants selected for
phytoremediation. After treatment (phytoremediation), the cleaned soil or water
can be transferred to the original site, and the plant may be harvested for disposal
if necessary. Phytoremediation of melanoidins and HMs containing distillery waste
is an eco-friendly approach, and to date, only a restricted number of plant species
have been explored for the degradation of melanoidins, for example, Phragmites
karka, P. australis, P. communis, and Typha angustifolia (Chandra and Yadav 2010,
Chandra et al. 2012; Chandra et al. 2018d; Chaturvedi et al. 2006). For the removal
of distillery effluent contaminants, there is some significant work that has been done
by Billore et al. (2001) for a horizontal flow gravel bed constructed wetland (CW) to
treat conventional secondary treatment distillery effluent. After secondary treatment,
the concentrations of COD and BOD 5 in distillery effluent amounted to 2540 and
13,866 mg L
À1 , respectively, and therefore, additional treatment was essential. The
CW treatment system achieved BOD 5 , COD, total P (TP), and total Kjeldahl
518
V. Kumar and R. Chandra