Kalavathi et al. (2001) reported degradation and metabolization of the melanoidin in
distillery effluent by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria boryana BDU 92181.
The organisms degrade melanoidins due to the production of H 2 O 2 , active oxygen
radicals, perhydroxyl, and hydroxyl, resulting in the 60% decolorization of the
effluent. They examined that glucose oxidase, manganese-dependent peroxidase,
and two manganese-independent peroxidases (MIP) present in microalgae cleave the
glucose for maximum H 2 O 2 production. MnSO 4 , reduced glutathionine,
methylviologen, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin could be used by microalgae for
improving the degradation rate of melanoidins. Cyanobacteria growing in media
containing both pigment and effluent have been demonstrated to possess higher
glutamine synthetase activity. Similarly a study conducted by Patel et al. (2001)
examined the 26%, 81%, 96% decolorization of distillery effluent through
bio-flocculation by Synechocystis sp., Lyngbya sp., and Oscillatoria sp., respectively. Marine cyanobacteria excrete colloidal substances like poly-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) lipopolysaccharides, poly-hydroxyalconate (PHA), protein, etc. during stationary phase, which has OO- of half-ester sulfate (OSO
3-) reactive group and is
electrostatically complexed with the active cationic site of OM and results in
flocculation. Valderrama et al. (2002) reported 52% color removal from distillery
effluent when using a combined treatment of with Lemna minuscule and Chlorella
vulgaris. The microalgal treatment removed nutrients and OM from effluent and
produced oxygen for other organisms. The macrophyte removed OM and eliminated
the microalgae form of treated wastewater. Recently, Krishnamoorthy et al. (2017)
have showed the treatment of anaerobically treated distillery effluent with
Oscillatoria sp. This organism reduced COD up to 55% of anaerobically digested
distillery wastewater. Solovchenko et al. (2014) have investigated the possibilities of
distillery effluent bioremediation along with a new C. sorokiniana sp. cultivated in a
semi-batch mode in a high-density photobioreactor. A decrease in COD of the
effluent from 20,000 to ca. 1500 mg L
À1 was achieved over 4 days with a decline
in nitrate (>95%), phosphate (77%), and sulfate (35%).
6 Phytoremediation of Distillery Waste
Phytoremediation is a long-lasting, cost-effective, and aesthetic solution for remediation of hazardous pollutants from complex distillery waste (Chandra et al. 2018c;
Chandra and Kumar 2017c; 2018). Phytoremediation is based on the use of green
plants to extract, sequester, and detoxify pollutants present in distillery effluent
(Chandra et al. 2015; Chandra and Kumar 2018). Phytoextraction is the most
commonly used technique of phytoremediation; it involves the utilization of
hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator plants for accumulation, absorption,
and degradation of pollutants from the soil, sediment, or water. Phytoremediation
technology can be divided into two groups based on the physical location of the
remedial action: (i) in situ bioremediation and (ii) ex situ bioremediation.
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
515
distillery effluent by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria boryana BDU 92181.
The organisms degrade melanoidins due to the production of H 2 O 2 , active oxygen
radicals, perhydroxyl, and hydroxyl, resulting in the 60% decolorization of the
effluent. They examined that glucose oxidase, manganese-dependent peroxidase,
and two manganese-independent peroxidases (MIP) present in microalgae cleave the
glucose for maximum H 2 O 2 production. MnSO 4 , reduced glutathionine,
methylviologen, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin could be used by microalgae for
improving the degradation rate of melanoidins. Cyanobacteria growing in media
containing both pigment and effluent have been demonstrated to possess higher
glutamine synthetase activity. Similarly a study conducted by Patel et al. (2001)
examined the 26%, 81%, 96% decolorization of distillery effluent through
bio-flocculation by Synechocystis sp., Lyngbya sp., and Oscillatoria sp., respectively. Marine cyanobacteria excrete colloidal substances like poly-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) lipopolysaccharides, poly-hydroxyalconate (PHA), protein, etc. during stationary phase, which has OO- of half-ester sulfate (OSO
3-) reactive group and is
electrostatically complexed with the active cationic site of OM and results in
flocculation. Valderrama et al. (2002) reported 52% color removal from distillery
effluent when using a combined treatment of with Lemna minuscule and Chlorella
vulgaris. The microalgal treatment removed nutrients and OM from effluent and
produced oxygen for other organisms. The macrophyte removed OM and eliminated
the microalgae form of treated wastewater. Recently, Krishnamoorthy et al. (2017)
have showed the treatment of anaerobically treated distillery effluent with
Oscillatoria sp. This organism reduced COD up to 55% of anaerobically digested
distillery wastewater. Solovchenko et al. (2014) have investigated the possibilities of
distillery effluent bioremediation along with a new C. sorokiniana sp. cultivated in a
semi-batch mode in a high-density photobioreactor. A decrease in COD of the
effluent from 20,000 to ca. 1500 mg L
À1 was achieved over 4 days with a decline
in nitrate (>95%), phosphate (77%), and sulfate (35%).
6 Phytoremediation of Distillery Waste
Phytoremediation is a long-lasting, cost-effective, and aesthetic solution for remediation of hazardous pollutants from complex distillery waste (Chandra et al. 2018c;
Chandra and Kumar 2017c; 2018). Phytoremediation is based on the use of green
plants to extract, sequester, and detoxify pollutants present in distillery effluent
(Chandra et al. 2015; Chandra and Kumar 2018). Phytoextraction is the most
commonly used technique of phytoremediation; it involves the utilization of
hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator plants for accumulation, absorption,
and degradation of pollutants from the soil, sediment, or water. Phytoremediation
technology can be divided into two groups based on the physical location of the
remedial action: (i) in situ bioremediation and (ii) ex situ bioremediation.
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
515