2017b). EDCs are class of chemicals which have exogenous and xenobiotic origins
while inhibiting or mimicking the natural activities (secretion, synthesis, binding,
and transport) of the endocrine system which play a significant role in sexual
development, metabolism, hormone production, and their utilization in growth,
gender behavior, reproduction processes, and stress response in humans and animals
(Kabir et al. 2015; Somm et al. 2009). The existence of EDCs such as
2-hydroxysocaproic acid; butanedioic acid, bis(TMS)ester; and vanillylpropionic
acid, bis(TMS), benzenepropanoic acid, α-[(TMS)oxy], TMS ester, and ROPs
such as benzoic acid 3-methoxy-4-[(TMS)oxy], TMS ester; 2-furancarboxylic
acid, 5-[[(TMS)oxy] methyl], TMS ester; and tricarballylic acid 3TMS in SW has
been reported by Chandra and Kumar (2017b). For the characterization of EDCs and
ROPs from SW, they employed several organic solvents (i.e., acetone, ethyl acetate,
isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane) to extract the broad range of organic
pollutants under acidic conditions (
tabulated in Tables 20.2 and 20.3.
Some studies on degradation and decolorization of distillery effluent have been
reported worldwide from diluted distillery effluent in flask conditions only (Ghosh
et al. 2009; Kalavathi et al. 2001; Krzywonos 2012). However, the nature of organic
pollutants of distillery effluent is limited reported worldwide. Gonzalez et al. (2000)
detected several ROPs from distillery effluent by pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry analysis. The identified organic compounds were 2-methylhexane;
furfuryl alcohol; 2-ethyl-5-methylfuran (isomer); hydroxypropanone; 2-hydroxy
methylfuran; 2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl propanol (dihydroconiferyl alcohol);
2,5-dimethylfuran; trans-2-tridecenal; phenol; furfural, 2,4-dimethylfuran,
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (impure); 5-methyl-2-furfuraldehyde; 2,3-dihydro5-methylfuran-2-one; 2-ethyl-5-methylfuran; and 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol),
3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (veratryl alcohol), 1-hexadecanol, and palmitic acid.
Chandra et al. (2018a) and Bharagava and Chandra (2010b) extracted molassesmelanoidins from anaerobically treated distillery effluent by using isopropanol method
to study the role of the bacterial consortium on the degradation and decolorization of
melanoidins containing distillery effluent in different nutritional and environmental
conditions. During degradation studies, they characterized several ROPs from distillery
effluent which was not degraded by the bacterial consortium (Table 20.4). The majority
of identified compounds are listed under the EDCs list of US Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA 2012b). The sludge produced from distilleries after anaerobic treatment of SW also contains n-pentadecanoic acid; dotriacontane; dodecanoic acid;
1-methylene-3-methyl butanol; octadecanoic acid; β-sitosterol; hexadecanoic acid;
lanosta-8, 24-dien-3-one; 2-ethylthio-10-hydroxy-9-methoxy-1,4 anthraquinone;
β-sitosterol trimethyl ether, stigmasterol; 1-phenyl-1-propanol; heptacosane; and
5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexanol as androgenic and mutagenic compounds
(Chandra and Kumar 2017a; Chandra et al. 2018b), which are listed as potential
EDCs compounds by USEPA (2012b). The study has demonstrated that these organic
pollutants make an organometallic complex with various HMs present in high quantity
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
503
while inhibiting or mimicking the natural activities (secretion, synthesis, binding,
and transport) of the endocrine system which play a significant role in sexual
development, metabolism, hormone production, and their utilization in growth,
gender behavior, reproduction processes, and stress response in humans and animals
(Kabir et al. 2015; Somm et al. 2009). The existence of EDCs such as
2-hydroxysocaproic acid; butanedioic acid, bis(TMS)ester; and vanillylpropionic
acid, bis(TMS), benzenepropanoic acid, α-[(TMS)oxy], TMS ester, and ROPs
such as benzoic acid 3-methoxy-4-[(TMS)oxy], TMS ester; 2-furancarboxylic
acid, 5-[[(TMS)oxy] methyl], TMS ester; and tricarballylic acid 3TMS in SW has
been reported by Chandra and Kumar (2017b). For the characterization of EDCs and
ROPs from SW, they employed several organic solvents (i.e., acetone, ethyl acetate,
isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane) to extract the broad range of organic
pollutants under acidic conditions (
tabulated in Tables 20.2 and 20.3.
Some studies on degradation and decolorization of distillery effluent have been
reported worldwide from diluted distillery effluent in flask conditions only (Ghosh
et al. 2009; Kalavathi et al. 2001; Krzywonos 2012). However, the nature of organic
pollutants of distillery effluent is limited reported worldwide. Gonzalez et al. (2000)
detected several ROPs from distillery effluent by pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry analysis. The identified organic compounds were 2-methylhexane;
furfuryl alcohol; 2-ethyl-5-methylfuran (isomer); hydroxypropanone; 2-hydroxy
methylfuran; 2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl propanol (dihydroconiferyl alcohol);
2,5-dimethylfuran; trans-2-tridecenal; phenol; furfural, 2,4-dimethylfuran,
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (impure); 5-methyl-2-furfuraldehyde; 2,3-dihydro5-methylfuran-2-one; 2-ethyl-5-methylfuran; and 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol),
3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (veratryl alcohol), 1-hexadecanol, and palmitic acid.
Chandra et al. (2018a) and Bharagava and Chandra (2010b) extracted molassesmelanoidins from anaerobically treated distillery effluent by using isopropanol method
to study the role of the bacterial consortium on the degradation and decolorization of
melanoidins containing distillery effluent in different nutritional and environmental
conditions. During degradation studies, they characterized several ROPs from distillery
effluent which was not degraded by the bacterial consortium (Table 20.4). The majority
of identified compounds are listed under the EDCs list of US Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA 2012b). The sludge produced from distilleries after anaerobic treatment of SW also contains n-pentadecanoic acid; dotriacontane; dodecanoic acid;
1-methylene-3-methyl butanol; octadecanoic acid; β-sitosterol; hexadecanoic acid;
lanosta-8, 24-dien-3-one; 2-ethylthio-10-hydroxy-9-methoxy-1,4 anthraquinone;
β-sitosterol trimethyl ether, stigmasterol; 1-phenyl-1-propanol; heptacosane; and
5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexanol as androgenic and mutagenic compounds
(Chandra and Kumar 2017a; Chandra et al. 2018b), which are listed as potential
EDCs compounds by USEPA (2012b). The study has demonstrated that these organic
pollutants make an organometallic complex with various HMs present in high quantity
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
503