activities. The cheapest cost of biochar is affordable to all types of application like
agricultural purpose and bioremediation. Biochar supported the bacterial assisted
bioremediation because the large surface area and porosity to attract higher
community and surface area to adsorbed the pollutants which is present in contaminated soil. Higher shallow surface is a characteristic feature of biochar. So the size
of shallow surface depends on the pyrolysis temperature and categories of feedstock.
Furthermore, it has been reported that the size of surface area and pores depends on
the volatile matter and tars which are filled in the feedstock; therefore, the intense
temperature plays an important role in the removal of these volatile matters from the
feedstock (Lehmann and Joseph 2009a, b). Joseph et al. (2010) reported that the
interaction between biochar and soil not long time although it can involve all the
mechanisms related to bioremediation in contaminated soil (Steiner et al. 2007;
Bruun et al. 2008; Singh and Cowie 2008; Kuzyakov et al. 2009) suggested that
the types and rates of interactions that take place in the soil depended on (1) feedstock
composition, particularly mineral fraction; (2) pyrolysis conditions; (3) biochar
particle size and delivery system; and (4) soil properties and local environmental
conditions. Low-temperature biochar, which has a less-condensed “C” structure and
higher nutrient content, is expected to have a greater reactivity in soils than highertemperature biochar and a better contribution to soil fertility (Steinbeiss et al. 2009;
Nguyen and Lehmann 2009).
5 Remediation of Soil Pollutants
Primarily, bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated sources, such as
water, soil, and other environmental materials, by stimulating growth of microorganism (Singh and Strong 2016; Singh et al. 2016a, b; Vimal et al. 2017) for the
removal of contaminants by in situ and ex situ bioremediation practice
(Bharagava et al. 2017a; Gautam et al. 2017; Saxena and Bharagava 2015,
2017). Additionally, some new reported approach is being used in the bioremediation such as agricultural waste-mediated biochar (Fig. 19.2) that can remediate
the soil contamination through their adsorption properties due to unique surface
and internal structure, etc. Biological treatment of hazardous waste is a similar
approach used to treat wastes including wastewater, industrial waste, and solid
waste. Industries discharged huge amount of wastewater which is released in the
canal, river, and other bodies without adequate treatments of these solid and liquid
wastes containing a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants that may cause
health hazards to living beings (Saxena et al. 2016, 2019; Goutam et al. 2018;
Bharagava et al. 2017b, c; Chandra et al. 2015). Moreover, some time due to the
leakage of wastewater in agricultural fields, the soil health is affected. Wrong
agricultural practices affect the soil health as well as the structure due to the
greater application of various pesticides and insecticides that contain highly toxic
compounds, and although household also releases huge amount of solid and liquid
waste that directly enters in agricultural fields which is polluting productive land,
480
C. Singh et al.
agricultural purpose and bioremediation. Biochar supported the bacterial assisted
bioremediation because the large surface area and porosity to attract higher
community and surface area to adsorbed the pollutants which is present in contaminated soil. Higher shallow surface is a characteristic feature of biochar. So the size
of shallow surface depends on the pyrolysis temperature and categories of feedstock.
Furthermore, it has been reported that the size of surface area and pores depends on
the volatile matter and tars which are filled in the feedstock; therefore, the intense
temperature plays an important role in the removal of these volatile matters from the
feedstock (Lehmann and Joseph 2009a, b). Joseph et al. (2010) reported that the
interaction between biochar and soil not long time although it can involve all the
mechanisms related to bioremediation in contaminated soil (Steiner et al. 2007;
Bruun et al. 2008; Singh and Cowie 2008; Kuzyakov et al. 2009) suggested that
the types and rates of interactions that take place in the soil depended on (1) feedstock
composition, particularly mineral fraction; (2) pyrolysis conditions; (3) biochar
particle size and delivery system; and (4) soil properties and local environmental
conditions. Low-temperature biochar, which has a less-condensed “C” structure and
higher nutrient content, is expected to have a greater reactivity in soils than highertemperature biochar and a better contribution to soil fertility (Steinbeiss et al. 2009;
Nguyen and Lehmann 2009).
5 Remediation of Soil Pollutants
Primarily, bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated sources, such as
water, soil, and other environmental materials, by stimulating growth of microorganism (Singh and Strong 2016; Singh et al. 2016a, b; Vimal et al. 2017) for the
removal of contaminants by in situ and ex situ bioremediation practice
(Bharagava et al. 2017a; Gautam et al. 2017; Saxena and Bharagava 2015,
2017). Additionally, some new reported approach is being used in the bioremediation such as agricultural waste-mediated biochar (Fig. 19.2) that can remediate
the soil contamination through their adsorption properties due to unique surface
and internal structure, etc. Biological treatment of hazardous waste is a similar
approach used to treat wastes including wastewater, industrial waste, and solid
waste. Industries discharged huge amount of wastewater which is released in the
canal, river, and other bodies without adequate treatments of these solid and liquid
wastes containing a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants that may cause
health hazards to living beings (Saxena et al. 2016, 2019; Goutam et al. 2018;
Bharagava et al. 2017b, c; Chandra et al. 2015). Moreover, some time due to the
leakage of wastewater in agricultural fields, the soil health is affected. Wrong
agricultural practices affect the soil health as well as the structure due to the
greater application of various pesticides and insecticides that contain highly toxic
compounds, and although household also releases huge amount of solid and liquid
waste that directly enters in agricultural fields which is polluting productive land,
480
C. Singh et al.