respectively. Furthermore, the addition of recirculated carbonate-rich effluent to
HRAP for pH adjustment reported an increase in biomass productivity of Spirulina
from 8 to 11 g m
À2 day
À1 (Dunn 1997).
Scenedesmus sp. used for the treatment of wet blue tannery effluent reduced the
heavy metals pollution load (Cr-81.2, 96%; Cu-73.2, 98%; Pb-75, 98%; and Zn-65,
98%) and nutrients (NO 3 >44.3% and PO 4 >95%) (Ajayan et al. 2015). In general,
metal ions and other nutrients enter via biological metabolism across the cell
membrane into the cell. This is known as active uptake mechanism, whereby these
nutrients are assimilated by microalgae and metal ions are accumulated. FTIR
analysis of Scenedesmus sp. biomass confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl
amino, carboxylic, and carbonyl groups for heavy metal adsorption on the cell wall.
3.6.2 Carpet Mill Wastewater
Combining industrial wastewater with municipal wastewater enhances the potential
of microalgae growth to produce valuable biomass. A study was conducted in the
United States, specifically Dalton (the carpet capital of the world) in Georgia which
produces about 100 to 115 million liters of wastewater per day. A consortium of
15 native species isolated from the carpet mill wastewater used to treat the wastewater consisting of 85–95% carpet mill effluent and 10–15% of municipal sewage
could remove more than 96% of nutrients (phosphate, 96.6–99.1%, and nitrate,
99.7–99.8%). Further, 9.2 to 17.8 tons ha
À year
À1 of biomass production and
6.82% of lipid content were obtained in this study. It was further reported that
63.9% of algal oil obtained from the survey could be utilized to produce biodiesel
(Chinnasamy et al. 2010).
3.6.3 Acid Mine Industry
Wastewater from the mining industry possesses a threat to the environment especially in countries where this industry generates the primary income. Acid mine
drainage (AMD) refers to the wastewater produced by this economic activity, and a
pilot-scale experiment with a 1 cubic meter treatment cell was used for the treatment.
A substrate consisting of woodchips, soil, and powdered goat manure was used to
trap the cyanobacterial–microbial consortium which forms a microbial mat; this
occurs mainly due to the interaction of bacteria present and filamentous blue-green
algae, mostly Oscillatoria sp. The maximum removal percentages of metals,
59–83% of Co, 79–97% of Cu, 95% of Fe, 28–45% of Mn, 22–62% of Ni, 88%
of Pb, and 84–86% of Zn, were achieved in the treatment system (Sheoran and
Bhandari 2005).
13 Phycoremediation: An Integrated and Eco-friendly Approach for. . .
317
HRAP for pH adjustment reported an increase in biomass productivity of Spirulina
from 8 to 11 g m
À2 day
À1 (Dunn 1997).
Scenedesmus sp. used for the treatment of wet blue tannery effluent reduced the
heavy metals pollution load (Cr-81.2, 96%; Cu-73.2, 98%; Pb-75, 98%; and Zn-65,
98%) and nutrients (NO 3 >44.3% and PO 4 >95%) (Ajayan et al. 2015). In general,
metal ions and other nutrients enter via biological metabolism across the cell
membrane into the cell. This is known as active uptake mechanism, whereby these
nutrients are assimilated by microalgae and metal ions are accumulated. FTIR
analysis of Scenedesmus sp. biomass confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl
amino, carboxylic, and carbonyl groups for heavy metal adsorption on the cell wall.
3.6.2 Carpet Mill Wastewater
Combining industrial wastewater with municipal wastewater enhances the potential
of microalgae growth to produce valuable biomass. A study was conducted in the
United States, specifically Dalton (the carpet capital of the world) in Georgia which
produces about 100 to 115 million liters of wastewater per day. A consortium of
15 native species isolated from the carpet mill wastewater used to treat the wastewater consisting of 85–95% carpet mill effluent and 10–15% of municipal sewage
could remove more than 96% of nutrients (phosphate, 96.6–99.1%, and nitrate,
99.7–99.8%). Further, 9.2 to 17.8 tons ha
À year
À1 of biomass production and
6.82% of lipid content were obtained in this study. It was further reported that
63.9% of algal oil obtained from the survey could be utilized to produce biodiesel
(Chinnasamy et al. 2010).
3.6.3 Acid Mine Industry
Wastewater from the mining industry possesses a threat to the environment especially in countries where this industry generates the primary income. Acid mine
drainage (AMD) refers to the wastewater produced by this economic activity, and a
pilot-scale experiment with a 1 cubic meter treatment cell was used for the treatment.
A substrate consisting of woodchips, soil, and powdered goat manure was used to
trap the cyanobacterial–microbial consortium which forms a microbial mat; this
occurs mainly due to the interaction of bacteria present and filamentous blue-green
algae, mostly Oscillatoria sp. The maximum removal percentages of metals,
59–83% of Co, 79–97% of Cu, 95% of Fe, 28–45% of Mn, 22–62% of Ni, 88%
of Pb, and 84–86% of Zn, were achieved in the treatment system (Sheoran and
Bhandari 2005).
13 Phycoremediation: An Integrated and Eco-friendly Approach for. . .
317