precipitates by reacting with metals such as Zn, Cu, and Fe (optimal conditions for
sulfate-reducing bacteria are redox potentials lower than 100 mV and pH greater than
5.5). Metal sulfide precipitation is an organic substrate that improves quality of water
by declining the inorganic acidity without disturbing the proton acidity (Garcia et al.
2001). Protons released by dissociation of H 2 S are neutralized by an equal release of
HCO 3 during sulfate reduction (Sheoran and Sheoran 2006).
4.3 Role of Hydrophytes-Microbe Interaction in Removal
of Toxic Elements from Industrial Wastewaters
Macrophytes produce organic matter by taking pollutants, bioengineering of rhizosphere, and maintenance of habitat for microorganism. Plants provide habitat for
microorganism in CWs, and plants also offer nutrition and protection against the
physical environment and act as hosts for endophytic bacteria (Marchand et al.
2010). The word rhizosphere can be further divided into the endo-rhizosphere
(interior of root) and the ecto-rhizosphere (the surroundings of roots). Rhizoplane
is the area where the two zones meet, and it is the most important part for plant and
microorganisms interaction. Symbiotic bacteria are involved in nitrogen fixation
which provide protection against pathogens and contaminant treatment; it also
improves plant nutrition and growth, while plant promotes rhizobacteria and symbiotic bacterial growth (Mastretta et al. 2009).
5 Removal/Degradation of Organic Pollutants
in Wastewaters in a Constructed Wetland
5.1 Constructed Wetlands and Degradation
of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewaters
Different therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals are consumed in huge amounts yearly
through the world for prevention, diagnoses, mitigation, and cure diseases in humans,
livestock, and poultry (Uslu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2008). In the current scenario,
with the development in analytical techniques of trace pharmaceutical residues, many
researchers have identified the extensive occurrence of pharmaceuticals and especially
antibiotics in soil, water, and environment (Jiang et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2011).
Cumulative concern has been raised on this subject to examine the basis, performance,
destiny, risk, and control of such emerging contaminants (Jiang et al. 2013).
Majority of the pharmaceuticals are not totally consumed and processed in the
body of animals and humans; as a result, the metabolites of pharmaceuticals
conjugate and are defecated with feces and urine into external environment
(Zhang et al. 2013). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are
identified as major pollutants threatening to the human health and environment.
6 Constructed Wetlands: A Clean-Green Technology for Degradation and. . .
141
sulfate-reducing bacteria are redox potentials lower than 100 mV and pH greater than
5.5). Metal sulfide precipitation is an organic substrate that improves quality of water
by declining the inorganic acidity without disturbing the proton acidity (Garcia et al.
2001). Protons released by dissociation of H 2 S are neutralized by an equal release of
HCO 3 during sulfate reduction (Sheoran and Sheoran 2006).
4.3 Role of Hydrophytes-Microbe Interaction in Removal
of Toxic Elements from Industrial Wastewaters
Macrophytes produce organic matter by taking pollutants, bioengineering of rhizosphere, and maintenance of habitat for microorganism. Plants provide habitat for
microorganism in CWs, and plants also offer nutrition and protection against the
physical environment and act as hosts for endophytic bacteria (Marchand et al.
2010). The word rhizosphere can be further divided into the endo-rhizosphere
(interior of root) and the ecto-rhizosphere (the surroundings of roots). Rhizoplane
is the area where the two zones meet, and it is the most important part for plant and
microorganisms interaction. Symbiotic bacteria are involved in nitrogen fixation
which provide protection against pathogens and contaminant treatment; it also
improves plant nutrition and growth, while plant promotes rhizobacteria and symbiotic bacterial growth (Mastretta et al. 2009).
5 Removal/Degradation of Organic Pollutants
in Wastewaters in a Constructed Wetland
5.1 Constructed Wetlands and Degradation
of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewaters
Different therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals are consumed in huge amounts yearly
through the world for prevention, diagnoses, mitigation, and cure diseases in humans,
livestock, and poultry (Uslu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2008). In the current scenario,
with the development in analytical techniques of trace pharmaceutical residues, many
researchers have identified the extensive occurrence of pharmaceuticals and especially
antibiotics in soil, water, and environment (Jiang et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2011).
Cumulative concern has been raised on this subject to examine the basis, performance,
destiny, risk, and control of such emerging contaminants (Jiang et al. 2013).
Majority of the pharmaceuticals are not totally consumed and processed in the
body of animals and humans; as a result, the metabolites of pharmaceuticals
conjugate and are defecated with feces and urine into external environment
(Zhang et al. 2013). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are
identified as major pollutants threatening to the human health and environment.
6 Constructed Wetlands: A Clean-Green Technology for Degradation and. . .
141