1 Introduction
A wetland is an ecological unit that rest on constant or recurrent, superficial capacity
at or nearby the exterior of the substrate. The least vital features of a wetland are
persistent, continued inundation or capacity at or nearby the surface and the existence of biological, physical, and chemical structures reflective of persistent, constant inundation or saturation. The most common analytical features of wetlands are
hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils.
Most commonly wetlands are basically divided into two types: natural and
constructed wetlands. Wetland study generally focuses on environmental engineering and ecosystem renovation (Mitsch and Gosselink 2007; Mitsch and Jorgensen
2003). In natural wetlands, the water asylums the soil, comprising marshes, swamps,
sloughs, bogs and fens. Constructed wetlands are related to natural wetlands, linking
physical, biological, and chemical procedures in ecosystem (Mitsch and Gosselink
2007; USEPA 2000). Constructed wetlands have been practiced to treat several
types of wastewaters such as municipal and industrial wastewaters, acid mine
drainage, and agricultural and urban runoff because of its sustainability and
efficiency (Saxena et al. 2019; Gautam et al. 2017; Bharagava et al. 2017a, b;
Saxena et al. 2016; Saxena and Bharagava 2015, 2017; Chandra et al. 2015; Mitsch
et al. 2008; Scholz et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2008; USEPA 2000; Nyquist and Greger
2009; Weber et al. 2008). Wetlands comprise of soil, water, flora, and microbe
systems and play a vital role for retaining marine ecosystem biodiversity (Mitsch and
Gosselink 2007).
2 Types and Characteristics of Wetlands
Wetlands have diverse features. The wetland key features are determined by the soil
type, water salinity in the wetland, and the animals and plants living in the wetland.
In all the wetlands, the most common characteristic is that the water table is very
close to the soil surface, or shallow water asylums the surface for minimum period of
the year. There are two main types of wetlands: (1) natural wetlands and
(2) constructed wetlands.
2.1 Natural Wetlands
Around the world, a number of different types of wetlands are present. They are
generally divided into four distinct groups.
Marshes The wetlands are those that are constantly flooded relatively than being
inundated beneath water just during the summer or a couple of months over the year,
for instance. Marshes can be saltwater or freshwater, and the quantity of water in
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S. Khan et al.
A wetland is an ecological unit that rest on constant or recurrent, superficial capacity
at or nearby the exterior of the substrate. The least vital features of a wetland are
persistent, continued inundation or capacity at or nearby the surface and the existence of biological, physical, and chemical structures reflective of persistent, constant inundation or saturation. The most common analytical features of wetlands are
hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils.
Most commonly wetlands are basically divided into two types: natural and
constructed wetlands. Wetland study generally focuses on environmental engineering and ecosystem renovation (Mitsch and Gosselink 2007; Mitsch and Jorgensen
2003). In natural wetlands, the water asylums the soil, comprising marshes, swamps,
sloughs, bogs and fens. Constructed wetlands are related to natural wetlands, linking
physical, biological, and chemical procedures in ecosystem (Mitsch and Gosselink
2007; USEPA 2000). Constructed wetlands have been practiced to treat several
types of wastewaters such as municipal and industrial wastewaters, acid mine
drainage, and agricultural and urban runoff because of its sustainability and
efficiency (Saxena et al. 2019; Gautam et al. 2017; Bharagava et al. 2017a, b;
Saxena et al. 2016; Saxena and Bharagava 2015, 2017; Chandra et al. 2015; Mitsch
et al. 2008; Scholz et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2008; USEPA 2000; Nyquist and Greger
2009; Weber et al. 2008). Wetlands comprise of soil, water, flora, and microbe
systems and play a vital role for retaining marine ecosystem biodiversity (Mitsch and
Gosselink 2007).
2 Types and Characteristics of Wetlands
Wetlands have diverse features. The wetland key features are determined by the soil
type, water salinity in the wetland, and the animals and plants living in the wetland.
In all the wetlands, the most common characteristic is that the water table is very
close to the soil surface, or shallow water asylums the surface for minimum period of
the year. There are two main types of wetlands: (1) natural wetlands and
(2) constructed wetlands.
2.1 Natural Wetlands
Around the world, a number of different types of wetlands are present. They are
generally divided into four distinct groups.
Marshes The wetlands are those that are constantly flooded relatively than being
inundated beneath water just during the summer or a couple of months over the year,
for instance. Marshes can be saltwater or freshwater, and the quantity of water in
128
S. Khan et al.