Exploring Synergistic Inter Linkages Among Three Ecological …
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change and anthropogenic activity. Thus, in addition to devising control measures
for eutrophication, steps must also be taken to control climate change and human
activity or reduce their impacts. Nutrient enrichment is also brought about by certain
invasive species (discussed earlier) and so this aspect should also be considered.
This is because in the present time, ecosystems are exposed to multiple problems
simultaneously. These problems are likely to exert a combined negative effect due
to ‘cause-effect’ relationships among themselves.
Human activities have resulted in the dramatic alteration in the flux of growthlimiting nutrients from the landscape to receiving waters. Such nutrient inputs give
rise to widespread negative effects upon the quality of surface waters (Smith 2003).
Humans have changed the global Phospohorous budget and led to its accumulation in
upland soils. Greater global build-up of soil Phospohorous has increased the severity
and prevalence eutrophic waters. This impact can be can be controlled by reducing
Phospohorous inputs to soil and minimizing the transport of Phospohorous from
soils to aquatic ecosystems by increasing its sinks (Bennett et al. 2001). Periphytons
are important tools to remove Phosphrous from lotic waters and wetlands. They play
crucial roles in Phosphorous uptake as well as the deposition and filtering particulate
Phosphrous from the water (Khan 2014). Water lettuce (Pista stratiotes) is also very
efficient in removing nutrients from eutrophic waters because of its rapid growth and
high biomass yield potential. But this efficiency is affected by temperature, water
salinity and physiological limitations (Lu et al. 2010). However, this species can also
well identified invader (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, USA 2016). This
once again indicates the inter linkage of ecological issues in the aquatic environment
and how a suitable management method of one issue might lead to another. In general,
while applying any mitigation measure, it must be ensured that the target problem is
solved without triggering any other ecological problem. All the ecological effects of
must be considered before adopting any mitigation measure.
Both freshwater and marine ecosystems respond positively to nutrient loading
control efforts (Smith 2003). In order to control cyanobacterial dominance in lakes,
it is necessary to reduce nutrient concentrations in a future warmer climate (Kosten
et al. 2012). However, according to (Paerl et al. 2011), suggest that water quality
managers should not only consider reductions in nutrient inputs, but also devise
measures to break the synergy between nutrient loading and hydrologic regimes that
aid the propagation of cyanobacteria by climate change. In fact, current mitigation
and water management strategies mainly consider nutrient input and hydrologic
controls. It is suggested that such measures should also incorporate the environmental
effects of global warming (Paerl and Huisman 2009). Appropriate measures should
be undertaken after proper evaluation and understanding ecological conditions. This
is because a particular mitigation method suitable for a particular site might not be
effective on another. At times, new measures are needed or a well established method
might need to be modified before application. Besides, there could also be associated
economic factors.
The statistically significant result of the chi-square analysis (Table 1) proved the
importance of the overall synergistic effect of climate change on species invasion
and eutrophication. In other words, this inter linkage should never be overlooked
279
change and anthropogenic activity. Thus, in addition to devising control measures
for eutrophication, steps must also be taken to control climate change and human
activity or reduce their impacts. Nutrient enrichment is also brought about by certain
invasive species (discussed earlier) and so this aspect should also be considered.
This is because in the present time, ecosystems are exposed to multiple problems
simultaneously. These problems are likely to exert a combined negative effect due
to ‘cause-effect’ relationships among themselves.
Human activities have resulted in the dramatic alteration in the flux of growthlimiting nutrients from the landscape to receiving waters. Such nutrient inputs give
rise to widespread negative effects upon the quality of surface waters (Smith 2003).
Humans have changed the global Phospohorous budget and led to its accumulation in
upland soils. Greater global build-up of soil Phospohorous has increased the severity
and prevalence eutrophic waters. This impact can be can be controlled by reducing
Phospohorous inputs to soil and minimizing the transport of Phospohorous from
soils to aquatic ecosystems by increasing its sinks (Bennett et al. 2001). Periphytons
are important tools to remove Phosphrous from lotic waters and wetlands. They play
crucial roles in Phosphorous uptake as well as the deposition and filtering particulate
Phosphrous from the water (Khan 2014). Water lettuce (Pista stratiotes) is also very
efficient in removing nutrients from eutrophic waters because of its rapid growth and
high biomass yield potential. But this efficiency is affected by temperature, water
salinity and physiological limitations (Lu et al. 2010). However, this species can also
well identified invader (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, USA 2016). This
once again indicates the inter linkage of ecological issues in the aquatic environment
and how a suitable management method of one issue might lead to another. In general,
while applying any mitigation measure, it must be ensured that the target problem is
solved without triggering any other ecological problem. All the ecological effects of
must be considered before adopting any mitigation measure.
Both freshwater and marine ecosystems respond positively to nutrient loading
control efforts (Smith 2003). In order to control cyanobacterial dominance in lakes,
it is necessary to reduce nutrient concentrations in a future warmer climate (Kosten
et al. 2012). However, according to (Paerl et al. 2011), suggest that water quality
managers should not only consider reductions in nutrient inputs, but also devise
measures to break the synergy between nutrient loading and hydrologic regimes that
aid the propagation of cyanobacteria by climate change. In fact, current mitigation
and water management strategies mainly consider nutrient input and hydrologic
controls. It is suggested that such measures should also incorporate the environmental
effects of global warming (Paerl and Huisman 2009). Appropriate measures should
be undertaken after proper evaluation and understanding ecological conditions. This
is because a particular mitigation method suitable for a particular site might not be
effective on another. At times, new measures are needed or a well established method
might need to be modified before application. Besides, there could also be associated
economic factors.
The statistically significant result of the chi-square analysis (Table 1) proved the
importance of the overall synergistic effect of climate change on species invasion
and eutrophication. In other words, this inter linkage should never be overlooked