237
Dahri ZH, Ludwig F, Moors E, Ahmad B, Khan A, Kabat P (2016) An appraisal of precipitation
distribution in the high-altitude catchments of the Indus basin. Sci Total Environ 548(549):289–
306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.001
Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Vitart F (2011) The ERAInterim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R
Meteorol Soc 137(656):553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
Dobreva ID, Bishop MP, Bush ABG (2017) Climate–glacier dynamics and topographic forcing in
the Karakoram Himalaya: concepts, issues and research directions. Water 9:405
England MH, McGregor S, Spence P, Meehl GA, Timmermann A, Cai W, Gupta AS, McPhaden
MJ, Purich A, Santoso A (2014) Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the
Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nat Clim Chang 4:222–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nclimate2106
Forsythe N, Blenkinsop S, Fowler HJ (2015) Exploring objective climate classification for the
Himalayan arc and adjacent regions using gridded data sources. Earth Syst Dyn 6(1):311–326.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-311-2015
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Khan MR, Petitta M, Bolch T, Gioli G (2014) Early 21st century snow
cover state over the western river basins of the Indus River system. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
18(10):4077–4100
Hewitt K (2014) Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya: glacial environments, processes, hazards
and resources. Springer, Dordrecht
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DT, Gu G, Nelkin EJ, Bowman KP, Wolff DB, Stocker EF (2007)
The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasiglobal, multiyear, combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J Hydrometeorol 8(1):38–55
Hussain S, Song X, Ren G, Hussain I, Han D, Zaman MH (2017) Evaluation of gridded precipitation data in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya mountainous area. Hydrol Sci
J 62(14):2393–2405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1384548
Immerzeel WW, Droogers P, De Jong SM, Bierkens MFP (2009) Large-scale monitoring of snow
cover and runoff simulation in Himalayan river basins using remote sensing. Remote Sens
Environ 113:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.08.010
Immerzeel WW, Wanders N, Lutz AF, Shea JM, Bierkens MF (2015) Reconciling high-altitude
precipitation in the upper Indus basin with glacier mass balances and runoff. Hydrol Earth Syst
Sci 19:4673–4687. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4673-2015
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G,
Woollen J, Zhu Y (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc
77(3):437–471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3C0437:TNYRP%3E2.0.CO;2
Kanda N, Negi HS, Rishi MS, Shekhar MS (2018) Performance of various techniques in estimating missing climatological data over snow bound mountainous areas of Karakoram Himalaya.
Meteorol Appl 25(3):337–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1699
Kanda N, Negi HS, Rishi MS, Kumar A (2019) Performance of various gridded temperature and
precipitation datasets over Northwest Himalayan Region. Hydrol Sci J (Under Review)
Kidd C, Levizzani V (2011) Status of satellite precipitation retrievals. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
15(4):1109–1116
Kidd C, Becker A, Huffman GJ, Muller CL, Joe P, Skofronick-Jackson G, Kirschbaum DB (2017)
So, how much of the Earth’s surface is covered by rain gauges? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:69–
78. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00283.1
Kistler R, Kalnay E, Collins W, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Kanamitsu
M, Kousky V, Dool VDH (2001) The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means
CD-ROM and documentation. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82(2):247–267
Kumar P, Kotlarski S, Moseley C, Sieck K, Frey H, Stoffel M, Jacob D (2015) Response of
Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers to climate variability and climatic change: a regional climate
model assessment. Geophys Res Lett 42:1818–1825. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063392
Mitchell T, Jones P (2005) An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate
observations and associated high resolution grids. Int J Climatol 25:693–712
An Appraisal of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation…
Dahri ZH, Ludwig F, Moors E, Ahmad B, Khan A, Kabat P (2016) An appraisal of precipitation
distribution in the high-altitude catchments of the Indus basin. Sci Total Environ 548(549):289–
306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.001
Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Vitart F (2011) The ERAInterim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R
Meteorol Soc 137(656):553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
Dobreva ID, Bishop MP, Bush ABG (2017) Climate–glacier dynamics and topographic forcing in
the Karakoram Himalaya: concepts, issues and research directions. Water 9:405
England MH, McGregor S, Spence P, Meehl GA, Timmermann A, Cai W, Gupta AS, McPhaden
MJ, Purich A, Santoso A (2014) Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the
Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nat Clim Chang 4:222–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nclimate2106
Forsythe N, Blenkinsop S, Fowler HJ (2015) Exploring objective climate classification for the
Himalayan arc and adjacent regions using gridded data sources. Earth Syst Dyn 6(1):311–326.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-311-2015
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Khan MR, Petitta M, Bolch T, Gioli G (2014) Early 21st century snow
cover state over the western river basins of the Indus River system. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
18(10):4077–4100
Hewitt K (2014) Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya: glacial environments, processes, hazards
and resources. Springer, Dordrecht
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DT, Gu G, Nelkin EJ, Bowman KP, Wolff DB, Stocker EF (2007)
The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasiglobal, multiyear, combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J Hydrometeorol 8(1):38–55
Hussain S, Song X, Ren G, Hussain I, Han D, Zaman MH (2017) Evaluation of gridded precipitation data in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya mountainous area. Hydrol Sci
J 62(14):2393–2405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1384548
Immerzeel WW, Droogers P, De Jong SM, Bierkens MFP (2009) Large-scale monitoring of snow
cover and runoff simulation in Himalayan river basins using remote sensing. Remote Sens
Environ 113:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.08.010
Immerzeel WW, Wanders N, Lutz AF, Shea JM, Bierkens MF (2015) Reconciling high-altitude
precipitation in the upper Indus basin with glacier mass balances and runoff. Hydrol Earth Syst
Sci 19:4673–4687. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4673-2015
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G,
Woollen J, Zhu Y (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc
77(3):437–471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3C0437:TNYRP%3E2.0.CO;2
Kanda N, Negi HS, Rishi MS, Shekhar MS (2018) Performance of various techniques in estimating missing climatological data over snow bound mountainous areas of Karakoram Himalaya.
Meteorol Appl 25(3):337–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1699
Kanda N, Negi HS, Rishi MS, Kumar A (2019) Performance of various gridded temperature and
precipitation datasets over Northwest Himalayan Region. Hydrol Sci J (Under Review)
Kidd C, Levizzani V (2011) Status of satellite precipitation retrievals. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
15(4):1109–1116
Kidd C, Becker A, Huffman GJ, Muller CL, Joe P, Skofronick-Jackson G, Kirschbaum DB (2017)
So, how much of the Earth’s surface is covered by rain gauges? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:69–
78. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00283.1
Kistler R, Kalnay E, Collins W, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Kanamitsu
M, Kousky V, Dool VDH (2001) The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means
CD-ROM and documentation. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82(2):247–267
Kumar P, Kotlarski S, Moseley C, Sieck K, Frey H, Stoffel M, Jacob D (2015) Response of
Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers to climate variability and climatic change: a regional climate
model assessment. Geophys Res Lett 42:1818–1825. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063392
Mitchell T, Jones P (2005) An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate
observations and associated high resolution grids. Int J Climatol 25:693–712
An Appraisal of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation…