225
ent periods (1985–2015, 1985–2000 and 2001–2015). P-values were then calculated
for obtained trend values and statistical significance was calculated for α = 0.05.
4 Results
4.1 Evaluation of Datasets
4.1.1 Evaluation of Datasets Based on Amount
Box charts in Fig. 2a–c reveal that observed average wintertime mean temperature
over LH, GH and KH remains 2.6 °C, −2.8 °C and −16.5 °C respectively. CRU-TS
could estimate temperature more precisely for LH (1.9 °C) and GH (−3.2 °C). For
KH, ERA-I based estimation (−16.3 °C) was closer to observed (−16.5 °C) temperature. Likewise Fig. 2d–f depict that minimum bias and errors are reported by
CRU-TS for LH and GH whereas for KH, ERA-I performed the best.
In Figs. 3a–c, box charts reveal that observed average wintertime precipitation
over LH, GH and KH remains approx. 923, 624 and 400 mm w.eq. Closest approxi0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MAE ( o
C/season)
APHRODITE
CRU-TS
ERA-I
NCEP-NCAR
UDEL
(b)
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
RMSE ( o
C/season)
APHRODITE
CRU-TS
ERA-I
NCEP-NCAR
UDEL
O b se
rv ed
A P H R O D IT E
C R U -T S
E R A -I
N C E P -N
C A R
U D E L
-8
-4
0
4
8
12
LH
LH
LH
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t
n
a
e
m
r
e
t
n
i
W
(
o
C)
LH
O b s e rv e d
A P H R O D IT E
C R U -T S
E R A -I
N C E P -N
C A R
U D E L
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
GH
GH
GH
(d)
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t
n
a
e
m
r
e
t
n
i
W
(
o
C)
GH
(e)
O b se
rv ed
A P H R O D IT E
C R U -T S
E R A -I
N C E P -N
C A R
U D E L
-21
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
(a)
KH
KH
KH
(f)
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t
n
a
e
m
r
e
t
n
i
W
(
o
C)
KH
(c)
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Bias (%)
APHRODITE
CRU-TS
ERA-I
NCEP-NCAR
UDEL
Fig. 2 Magnitude of wintertime mean temperature as observed and estimated at different climatic
zones, i.e. (a) LH, (b) GH, (c) KH; Magnitude of (d) Bias (%), (e) Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
and (f) Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) at LH, GH and KH (Kanda et al. 2019)
An Appraisal of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation…