xx
Fig. 5 (a) Interannual variability of seasonal mean precipitation
(mm/d); (b) correlation of precipitation over Karakoram region
with the neighboring regions and (c) time-series of seasonal
mean precipitation (mm/d) for the area averaged over
70°E–79°E and 33°N–38°N............................................................... 110
Fig. 6 Composite difference of (a) T2 m (°C) and
(b) precipitation (mm/d) between excess and deficit years ............... 111
Fig. 7 Difference in vertical structure of temperature (°C),
zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind (m/s)
averaged between 70°E and 79°E between excess
and deficit precipitation years ............................................................ 112
Fig. 8 Same as Fig. 7, but for the WRF model simulated
hydrometeors (a) cloud liquid water QCLOUD (g/kg);
(b) rain water (QRAIN, g/kg), (c) snow (QSNOW, g/kg)
and (d) ice (QICE, g/kg) .................................................................... 114
Fig. 9 (a) Observed precipitation (b) climatology (1982–2009)
from IMD gridded data; (b) the GCM simulated hindcast
and (c) RegCM4 simulated downscaled precipitation
for the same period ............................................................................ 114
Fig. 10 Year-wise precipitation anomalies (mm/d) from 1982
to 2009 from IMD gridded data; GCM (T80 model)
and RegCM4 (with forecast and observed sea
surface temperatures) ......................................................................... 115
Fig. 11 Composite of omega (pa/s) during excess years
(a) NNRP2 (b) GCM (T80 model) and (c) RegCM4
model forced with the T80 model ...................................................... 116
Glacier Stress Pattern as an Indicator for Climate Change
Fig. 1 Different components of stress experienced by glaciers
and Polar ice sheet, where θ is the slope of the glacier surface ......... 121
Fig. 2 Schirmacher Oasis group of exposed rocky landmass
are separated into three distinct zones by different lakes
(Lake Zig-zag/ Lake E-1 separates one landmass towards
west and Lake Ozhidaniya/ Lakek E-10 to the north separates
Nadezhdy/Lanka Island from the main Schirmacher Oasis).
Two glacial wall types of cliffs are located towards the western
and eastern part of the Schirmacher Oasis and represented as
Western Wall and Eastern Wall. Study area in this manuscript
is represented by a rectangle marked by dashed yellow lines ........... 122
Fig. 3 Multiple Low Frequency antennas with 16–80 MHz centre
frequency based Ground Penetrating Radar studies attached
to a snow scooter for Polar ice sheet estimation ................................ 124
Fig. 4 A profile over Polar ice sheet to the south of Schirmacher
Oasis showing bedrock-Polar ice sheet interface varying
between 10 m and 80 m ..................................................................... 126
List of Figures
Fig. 5 (a) Interannual variability of seasonal mean precipitation
(mm/d); (b) correlation of precipitation over Karakoram region
with the neighboring regions and (c) time-series of seasonal
mean precipitation (mm/d) for the area averaged over
70°E–79°E and 33°N–38°N............................................................... 110
Fig. 6 Composite difference of (a) T2 m (°C) and
(b) precipitation (mm/d) between excess and deficit years ............... 111
Fig. 7 Difference in vertical structure of temperature (°C),
zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind (m/s)
averaged between 70°E and 79°E between excess
and deficit precipitation years ............................................................ 112
Fig. 8 Same as Fig. 7, but for the WRF model simulated
hydrometeors (a) cloud liquid water QCLOUD (g/kg);
(b) rain water (QRAIN, g/kg), (c) snow (QSNOW, g/kg)
and (d) ice (QICE, g/kg) .................................................................... 114
Fig. 9 (a) Observed precipitation (b) climatology (1982–2009)
from IMD gridded data; (b) the GCM simulated hindcast
and (c) RegCM4 simulated downscaled precipitation
for the same period ............................................................................ 114
Fig. 10 Year-wise precipitation anomalies (mm/d) from 1982
to 2009 from IMD gridded data; GCM (T80 model)
and RegCM4 (with forecast and observed sea
surface temperatures) ......................................................................... 115
Fig. 11 Composite of omega (pa/s) during excess years
(a) NNRP2 (b) GCM (T80 model) and (c) RegCM4
model forced with the T80 model ...................................................... 116
Glacier Stress Pattern as an Indicator for Climate Change
Fig. 1 Different components of stress experienced by glaciers
and Polar ice sheet, where θ is the slope of the glacier surface ......... 121
Fig. 2 Schirmacher Oasis group of exposed rocky landmass
are separated into three distinct zones by different lakes
(Lake Zig-zag/ Lake E-1 separates one landmass towards
west and Lake Ozhidaniya/ Lakek E-10 to the north separates
Nadezhdy/Lanka Island from the main Schirmacher Oasis).
Two glacial wall types of cliffs are located towards the western
and eastern part of the Schirmacher Oasis and represented as
Western Wall and Eastern Wall. Study area in this manuscript
is represented by a rectangle marked by dashed yellow lines ........... 122
Fig. 3 Multiple Low Frequency antennas with 16–80 MHz centre
frequency based Ground Penetrating Radar studies attached
to a snow scooter for Polar ice sheet estimation ................................ 124
Fig. 4 A profile over Polar ice sheet to the south of Schirmacher
Oasis showing bedrock-Polar ice sheet interface varying
between 10 m and 80 m ..................................................................... 126
List of Figures