137
Clark PU, Marshall SJ, Clarke GK, Hostetler SW, Licciardi JM, Teller JT (2001) Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science 293(5528):283–287
Davis JL, Annan AP (1989) Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock
stratigraphy. Geophys Prospect 37:531–551
Derksen C, Brown R (2012) Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections. Geophy Res Lett 39(19). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053387
Dharwadkar A, Roy SK, Kumar P, Swain AK, Raghuram (2013) GPR profiling over Lake Untersee,
central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Indian J Geosci 67:153–158
Gergan JT, Dobhal DP, Kaushik R (1999) Ground penetrating radar ice thickness measurements of
Dokrianibamak (glacier), Garhwal Himalaya. Curr Sci 77:169–173
Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R, Lo K, Lea DW, Medina-Elizade M (2006) Global temperature change.
Proc Nat Acad Sci 103(39):14288–14293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606291103
Harris C, Haeberli W, Vonder Mühll D, King L (2001) Permafrost monitoring in the high mountains of Europe: the PACE project in its global context. Permafr Periglac Process 12(1):3–11
Huang JP, Swain AK, Thacker RW, Ravindra R, Andersen DT, Bej AK (2013) Bacterial diversity
of the rock-water interface in an East Antarctic freshwater ecosystem, Lake Tawani (P). Aquat
Biosyst 9(1):4–14
Hock R (2005) Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling. Prog Phys Geogr
29(3):362–391. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp453ra
Huybrechts P, De Wolde J (1999) The dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
to multiple-century climatic warming. J Clim 12(8):2169–2188
Irvine-Fynn TDL, Sanz-Ablanedo E, Rutter N, Smith MW, Chandler JH (2014) Measuring
glacier surface roughness using plot-scale, close-range digital photogrammetry. J Glaciol
60(223):957–969. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG14J032
Jol HM, Smith DG (1991) Ground penetrating radar of northern lacustrine deltas. Can J Earth Sci
28:1939–1947
Kunkel KE, Karl TR, Brooks H, Kossin J, Lawiemore JH, Arndt D, Bosart L, Changnon D, Cutter
SL, Doesken N, Emanuel K (2013) Monitoring and understanding trends in extreme storms:
state of knowledge. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 94(4):499–514
Kwok R, Rothrock DA (2009) Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat
records: 1958–2008. Geophy Res Lett 36(15). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039035
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Locarnini RA, Garcia HE, Mishonov AV (2009) Global ocean
heat content 1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophy Res
Lett 36(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037155
Mccarthy JJ, Canziani OF, Leary NA, Dokken DJ, White KS (Eds) (2001) Climate change
2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the Third
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol 2. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 3–100
Murray T, Stuart GW, Miller PJ, Woodward J, Smith AM, Porter PR, Jiskoot H (2000) Glacier
surge propagation by thermal evolution at the bed. J Geophy Res Solid Earth 105:13491–13507
Mottram RH, Benn DI (2009) Testing crevasse-depth models: a field study at Breiðamerkurjökull,
Iceland. J Glaciol 55:746–752. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470905
Nye JF (1959) A method of determining the strain-rate tensor at the surface of a glacier. J Glaciol
3(25):409–419
Osterkamp TE, Romanovsky VE (1999) Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafr Periglac Process 10(1):17–37
Polyak L, Alley RB, Andrews JT, Brigham-Grette J, Cronin TM, Darby DA, Dyke AS, Fitzpatrick
JJ, Funder S, Holland M, Jennings AE (2010) History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quat Sci Rev
29(15–16):1757–1778
Raina VK (2009) Himalayan glaciers. A state-of-art review of glacial studies, glacial retreat and
climate change. Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. Available at: http://go.nature.com/
pLgJ6D
Glacier Stress Pattern as an Indicator for Climate Change
Clark PU, Marshall SJ, Clarke GK, Hostetler SW, Licciardi JM, Teller JT (2001) Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science 293(5528):283–287
Davis JL, Annan AP (1989) Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock
stratigraphy. Geophys Prospect 37:531–551
Derksen C, Brown R (2012) Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections. Geophy Res Lett 39(19). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053387
Dharwadkar A, Roy SK, Kumar P, Swain AK, Raghuram (2013) GPR profiling over Lake Untersee,
central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Indian J Geosci 67:153–158
Gergan JT, Dobhal DP, Kaushik R (1999) Ground penetrating radar ice thickness measurements of
Dokrianibamak (glacier), Garhwal Himalaya. Curr Sci 77:169–173
Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R, Lo K, Lea DW, Medina-Elizade M (2006) Global temperature change.
Proc Nat Acad Sci 103(39):14288–14293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606291103
Harris C, Haeberli W, Vonder Mühll D, King L (2001) Permafrost monitoring in the high mountains of Europe: the PACE project in its global context. Permafr Periglac Process 12(1):3–11
Huang JP, Swain AK, Thacker RW, Ravindra R, Andersen DT, Bej AK (2013) Bacterial diversity
of the rock-water interface in an East Antarctic freshwater ecosystem, Lake Tawani (P). Aquat
Biosyst 9(1):4–14
Hock R (2005) Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling. Prog Phys Geogr
29(3):362–391. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp453ra
Huybrechts P, De Wolde J (1999) The dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
to multiple-century climatic warming. J Clim 12(8):2169–2188
Irvine-Fynn TDL, Sanz-Ablanedo E, Rutter N, Smith MW, Chandler JH (2014) Measuring
glacier surface roughness using plot-scale, close-range digital photogrammetry. J Glaciol
60(223):957–969. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG14J032
Jol HM, Smith DG (1991) Ground penetrating radar of northern lacustrine deltas. Can J Earth Sci
28:1939–1947
Kunkel KE, Karl TR, Brooks H, Kossin J, Lawiemore JH, Arndt D, Bosart L, Changnon D, Cutter
SL, Doesken N, Emanuel K (2013) Monitoring and understanding trends in extreme storms:
state of knowledge. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 94(4):499–514
Kwok R, Rothrock DA (2009) Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat
records: 1958–2008. Geophy Res Lett 36(15). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039035
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Locarnini RA, Garcia HE, Mishonov AV (2009) Global ocean
heat content 1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophy Res
Lett 36(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037155
Mccarthy JJ, Canziani OF, Leary NA, Dokken DJ, White KS (Eds) (2001) Climate change
2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the Third
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol 2. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 3–100
Murray T, Stuart GW, Miller PJ, Woodward J, Smith AM, Porter PR, Jiskoot H (2000) Glacier
surge propagation by thermal evolution at the bed. J Geophy Res Solid Earth 105:13491–13507
Mottram RH, Benn DI (2009) Testing crevasse-depth models: a field study at Breiðamerkurjökull,
Iceland. J Glaciol 55:746–752. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470905
Nye JF (1959) A method of determining the strain-rate tensor at the surface of a glacier. J Glaciol
3(25):409–419
Osterkamp TE, Romanovsky VE (1999) Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafr Periglac Process 10(1):17–37
Polyak L, Alley RB, Andrews JT, Brigham-Grette J, Cronin TM, Darby DA, Dyke AS, Fitzpatrick
JJ, Funder S, Holland M, Jennings AE (2010) History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quat Sci Rev
29(15–16):1757–1778
Raina VK (2009) Himalayan glaciers. A state-of-art review of glacial studies, glacial retreat and
climate change. Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. Available at: http://go.nature.com/
pLgJ6D
Glacier Stress Pattern as an Indicator for Climate Change