13.4 Conclusion
In this study, we have presented a promising solution to suppress the negative effect of structural imperfection on the
mechanical performance of thin-walled tubes. The proposed solution employs a liquid filler, LN, in the thin-walled tube.
Based on the quasi-static compression testing results of empty tube and LNFTs, we have demonstrated:
1. The thin-walled tube is reinforced by adding LN as a filler;
2. The mechanical performance of empty tube is significantly reduced as dent exists;
3. The negative impact of structural imperfection on thin-walled tube is mitigated by the LN filler.
In short, LN is a promising filling material in thin-walled tube, leading to a hybrid structure with enhanced structural
imperfection resistance. The findings provide guidance on the design of composite structures for vehicle crashworthiness.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation grant (No. CBET-1803695) and Michigan State
University Startup grant.
References
1. Baroutaji, A., Sajjia, M., Olabi, A.G.: On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: recent advances and future
developments. Thin-Walled Struct. 118, 137–163 (2017)
2. Martin, J.H., Ashby, D.S., Schaedler, T.A.: Thin-walled high temperature alloy structures fabricated from additively manufactured polymer
templates. Mater. Des. 120, 291–297 (2017)
3. Ghanbari Ghazijahani, T., Jiao, H., Holloway, D.: Plastic buckling of dented steel circular tubes under axial compression: an experimental study.
Thin-Walled Struct. 92, 48–54 (2015)
4. Ferdynus, M., Kotełko, M., Urbaniak, M.: Crashworthiness performance of thin-walled prismatic tubes with corner dents under axial impact -
Numerical and experimental study. Thin-Walled Struct. 144, 106239 (2019)
5. Ghanbari Ghazijahani, T., Jiao, H., Holloway, D.: Experiments on dented cylindrical shells under peripheral pressure. Thin-Walled Struct. 84,
50–58 (2014)
6. Prabu, B., Raviprakash, A.V., Venkatraman, A.: Parametric study on buckling behaviour of dented short carbon steel cylindrical shell subjected
to uniform axial compression. Thin-Walled Struct. 48, 639–649 (2010)
7. Li, M., Li, J., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Lu, W.: Enhanced filler-tube wall interaction in liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes. Compos.
Struct. 200, 120–126 (2018)
8. Li, M., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Belwafa, J., Weiyi, W.: Enhanced energy absorption performance of liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes
under dynamic impact. In: Lamberson, L. (ed.) Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1. Conference Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, Cham (2020)
Fig. 13.7 (a) Mechanical behavior of LNFTs (b) suppression of the negative effect of dent on thin-walled tubes by LN filler
13 Enhanced Structural Imperfection Resistance in Thin-Walled Tubes. . .
93
In this study, we have presented a promising solution to suppress the negative effect of structural imperfection on the
mechanical performance of thin-walled tubes. The proposed solution employs a liquid filler, LN, in the thin-walled tube.
Based on the quasi-static compression testing results of empty tube and LNFTs, we have demonstrated:
1. The thin-walled tube is reinforced by adding LN as a filler;
2. The mechanical performance of empty tube is significantly reduced as dent exists;
3. The negative impact of structural imperfection on thin-walled tube is mitigated by the LN filler.
In short, LN is a promising filling material in thin-walled tube, leading to a hybrid structure with enhanced structural
imperfection resistance. The findings provide guidance on the design of composite structures for vehicle crashworthiness.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation grant (No. CBET-1803695) and Michigan State
University Startup grant.
References
1. Baroutaji, A., Sajjia, M., Olabi, A.G.: On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: recent advances and future
developments. Thin-Walled Struct. 118, 137–163 (2017)
2. Martin, J.H., Ashby, D.S., Schaedler, T.A.: Thin-walled high temperature alloy structures fabricated from additively manufactured polymer
templates. Mater. Des. 120, 291–297 (2017)
3. Ghanbari Ghazijahani, T., Jiao, H., Holloway, D.: Plastic buckling of dented steel circular tubes under axial compression: an experimental study.
Thin-Walled Struct. 92, 48–54 (2015)
4. Ferdynus, M., Kotełko, M., Urbaniak, M.: Crashworthiness performance of thin-walled prismatic tubes with corner dents under axial impact -
Numerical and experimental study. Thin-Walled Struct. 144, 106239 (2019)
5. Ghanbari Ghazijahani, T., Jiao, H., Holloway, D.: Experiments on dented cylindrical shells under peripheral pressure. Thin-Walled Struct. 84,
50–58 (2014)
6. Prabu, B., Raviprakash, A.V., Venkatraman, A.: Parametric study on buckling behaviour of dented short carbon steel cylindrical shell subjected
to uniform axial compression. Thin-Walled Struct. 48, 639–649 (2010)
7. Li, M., Li, J., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Lu, W.: Enhanced filler-tube wall interaction in liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes. Compos.
Struct. 200, 120–126 (2018)
8. Li, M., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Belwafa, J., Weiyi, W.: Enhanced energy absorption performance of liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes
under dynamic impact. In: Lamberson, L. (ed.) Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1. Conference Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, Cham (2020)
Fig. 13.7 (a) Mechanical behavior of LNFTs (b) suppression of the negative effect of dent on thin-walled tubes by LN filler
13 Enhanced Structural Imperfection Resistance in Thin-Walled Tubes. . .
93