12.5 Conclusion
Compressive strength of concrete mixes where sand replaced by copper slag have shown comprehensively good results
compared with conventional concrete mix. Hence it is concluded that the use of copper slag up to 40% does encourages the
use of copper slag as an alternate building material to fine aggregate [15]. The workability of concrete increases significantly
with the increase of copper slag content in concrete mixes, this is due to the low water absorption and glassy surface of copper
slag thereby the strength properties are also improved. Replacement of Copper Slag as fine aggregate in concrete mixes
reduces the cost of concrete production. Copper Slag behaves similar to river sand as it contains silica similar to river sand.
The density of concrete increases by addition of Copper Slag thereby increasing the Self-weight. Being an industrial waste,
copper slag causes bad effects on environment and usage of it as a fine aggregate material in concrete production reduces the
scarcity of natural river sand and minimizes the environmental hazard and also extends environmental protection by reducing
the use of natural resources ie., sand. The reduction in compressive strength in case of 45% to 55% of copper slag replacement
is due to excessive presence of copper slag. Optimum percentage of copper slag that can be used is 40%.
References
1. Gorai, B., Jana, R.K., Premchand: Characteristics and utilization of copper slag – a review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 39, 299–313 (2003)
2. Pundhir, N.K.S., et al.: Use of copper slag as construction material in bituminous pavements. J. Scient. Indust. Res. 64, 997–1002 (2005)
3. Al-Jabri, K.S., et al.: Performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as fine aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 23, 2132–2140
(2009)
4. Brindha, D., Nagan, S.: Durability studies on copper slag admixed concrete. Asian J. Civil Eng. 12(5), 563–578 (2011)
5. Hassan, H.F., Al-Jabri, K.: Laboratory evaluation of hot-mix asphalt concrete containing copper slag aggregate. J. Mater. Civil Eng. ASCE.
23(6), 879–885 (2011)
6. Khalifa, S., Al-Jabri, A., et al.: Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Constr. Build. Mater.
25, 933–938 (2011)
7. Chavan, R.R., Kulkarni, D.B.: Performance of copper slag on strength properties as partial replace of fine aggregate in concrete mix design.
IJAERS, E-ISSN 2249-8974, 95–98 (2013)
8. Arivalagan, S.: Experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams as replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate. J. Civil
Eng. Urban. 3(4), 176–182 (2013)
9. Kumar, B.: Properties of pavement quality concrete and dry lean concrete with copper slag as fine aggregate. Int. J. Pavem. Eng. 14(8), 746–751
(2013)
10. Velumani, M., Nirmal Kumar, K.: Durability and characteristics of copper slag as fine aggregate and fly ash as cement in concrete. In: IEEE 2014
IEEE Conference Number – 33344, Coimbatore, India, July 8, 2014
11. Dey, A., Dev, D., Saha, P.: Use of Copper Slag as Sustainable Aggregate. ICSCI 2014 © ASCE India Section, Hitex, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India, Oct 17–18 (2014)
12. Madheswaran, C.K., Ambily, P.S., Dattatreya, J.K., Rajamane, N.P.: Studies on use of copper slag as replacement material for river sand in
building constructions. J. Inst. Eng. 95(3), 169–177 (2014)
13. Raju, S., Dharmar, B.: Mechanical properties of concrete with copper slag and fly ash by DT and NDT. Period. Polytech. Civil Eng. 60(3),
313–322 (2016)
14. Nandini, K., Murali Krishna, G.: Investigation on use of Copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. JETIR. 3 (2016) (ISSN2349-5162)
15. Arunkumar, A., Santhi, A.S., Mohanganesh, G.: Various utilization of fly ash and its properties on concrete a review. Trends Eng. Develop.
2(02), 432–444 (2012)
12 Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Copper Slag Replaced. . .
87
Compressive strength of concrete mixes where sand replaced by copper slag have shown comprehensively good results
compared with conventional concrete mix. Hence it is concluded that the use of copper slag up to 40% does encourages the
use of copper slag as an alternate building material to fine aggregate [15]. The workability of concrete increases significantly
with the increase of copper slag content in concrete mixes, this is due to the low water absorption and glassy surface of copper
slag thereby the strength properties are also improved. Replacement of Copper Slag as fine aggregate in concrete mixes
reduces the cost of concrete production. Copper Slag behaves similar to river sand as it contains silica similar to river sand.
The density of concrete increases by addition of Copper Slag thereby increasing the Self-weight. Being an industrial waste,
copper slag causes bad effects on environment and usage of it as a fine aggregate material in concrete production reduces the
scarcity of natural river sand and minimizes the environmental hazard and also extends environmental protection by reducing
the use of natural resources ie., sand. The reduction in compressive strength in case of 45% to 55% of copper slag replacement
is due to excessive presence of copper slag. Optimum percentage of copper slag that can be used is 40%.
References
1. Gorai, B., Jana, R.K., Premchand: Characteristics and utilization of copper slag – a review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 39, 299–313 (2003)
2. Pundhir, N.K.S., et al.: Use of copper slag as construction material in bituminous pavements. J. Scient. Indust. Res. 64, 997–1002 (2005)
3. Al-Jabri, K.S., et al.: Performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as fine aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 23, 2132–2140
(2009)
4. Brindha, D., Nagan, S.: Durability studies on copper slag admixed concrete. Asian J. Civil Eng. 12(5), 563–578 (2011)
5. Hassan, H.F., Al-Jabri, K.: Laboratory evaluation of hot-mix asphalt concrete containing copper slag aggregate. J. Mater. Civil Eng. ASCE.
23(6), 879–885 (2011)
6. Khalifa, S., Al-Jabri, A., et al.: Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Constr. Build. Mater.
25, 933–938 (2011)
7. Chavan, R.R., Kulkarni, D.B.: Performance of copper slag on strength properties as partial replace of fine aggregate in concrete mix design.
IJAERS, E-ISSN 2249-8974, 95–98 (2013)
8. Arivalagan, S.: Experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams as replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate. J. Civil
Eng. Urban. 3(4), 176–182 (2013)
9. Kumar, B.: Properties of pavement quality concrete and dry lean concrete with copper slag as fine aggregate. Int. J. Pavem. Eng. 14(8), 746–751
(2013)
10. Velumani, M., Nirmal Kumar, K.: Durability and characteristics of copper slag as fine aggregate and fly ash as cement in concrete. In: IEEE 2014
IEEE Conference Number – 33344, Coimbatore, India, July 8, 2014
11. Dey, A., Dev, D., Saha, P.: Use of Copper Slag as Sustainable Aggregate. ICSCI 2014 © ASCE India Section, Hitex, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India, Oct 17–18 (2014)
12. Madheswaran, C.K., Ambily, P.S., Dattatreya, J.K., Rajamane, N.P.: Studies on use of copper slag as replacement material for river sand in
building constructions. J. Inst. Eng. 95(3), 169–177 (2014)
13. Raju, S., Dharmar, B.: Mechanical properties of concrete with copper slag and fly ash by DT and NDT. Period. Polytech. Civil Eng. 60(3),
313–322 (2016)
14. Nandini, K., Murali Krishna, G.: Investigation on use of Copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. JETIR. 3 (2016) (ISSN2349-5162)
15. Arunkumar, A., Santhi, A.S., Mohanganesh, G.: Various utilization of fly ash and its properties on concrete a review. Trends Eng. Develop.
2(02), 432–444 (2012)
12 Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Copper Slag Replaced. . .
87