8.4 Conclusion
The layer sheet - over-layer sheet (sandwich type) way, different type of composites components were produced fabricated in
the formation of interfacial regions between individual passages and layers. Depending on the particle size and/or the
thickness of the sheet put in the sandwich structure, certain amount of interfacial regions can occur for 20–30% of the entire
structure that influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties considerably. In case of Ni-Ti based sandwich
structure, this interface may be rich either Ti side or Ni side depending on the weight percent of the powder and also sheet that
are used for making alternative composite. Microstructure of the sandwich composite evaluated in the present work show a
homogenous a sound microstructure observed with very fine diffusion due to hot bonding process that hot forging process was
performed at 650
C under the inert atmosphere.
References
1. Bimber, B.A., Hamilton, R.F., Palmer, T.A.: Ni-concentration dependence of directed energy deposited NiTi alloy microstructures. Shape Mem.
Superelast. 5, 182–187 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-019-00215-8
2. Xiao, C., Lin, Y.C., Dong, W.: Dynamic recrystallization behaviour of a typical nickel-based superalloy during hot deformation. Mater. Des. 57,
568–577 (2014)
3. Nespoli, A., Besseghini, S.: A complete thermo-mechanical study of a NiTiCu shape memory alloy wire [J]. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 103,
821–826 (2011)
4. Balak, Z., Abbasi, S.M.: Influence of the Ti content, training cycles and pre-strain on the two-way shape memory effect in NiTi alloys. Mater.
Des. 32, 3992–3996 (2011)
5. Khamei, A., Dehghani, K.: Microstructural evolution during the hot deformation of TiÀ55Ni (at. pct) intermetallic alloy. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A. 41, 2595–2605 (2010)
6. Terayama, A., Fuyama, N., Yamashita, Y., Ishizaki, I., Kyogoku, H.: Fabrication of TiÀNb alloys by powder metallurgy process and their shape
memory characteristics. J. Alloys Compd. 577, 408–s412 (2013)
7. Wang, F., et al.: Nb 2 Al diffusion reaction in high Nb containing Ti-Al porous alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31(11), 1388–1391 (2015)
8. Yang, D., Hodgson, P., Wen, C.E.: The kinetics of two-stage formation of TiAl3 in multilayered Ti/Al foils prepared by accumulative roll
bonding. Intermetallics. 17(9), 727–732 (2009)
9. Cao, S., Gu, D., Shi, Q.: Relation of microstructure, microhardness and underlying thermodynamics in molten pools of laser melting deposition
processed TiC/Inconel 625 composites. J. Alloys Compd. 692, 758–769 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.098
10. Baran, A., Polanski, M.: Microstructure and properties of LENS (laser engineered net shaping) manufactured Ni-Ti shape memory
alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 750, 863–870 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.400
11. Ly, V., Sakame, N.: Developpement of new TiNi based composite sheets reinforced with hard particles for aeronautical applications, MasterPSYN final report. Supmeca-Paris, February (2020)
12. Ramos, A.P., de Castro, W.B., Costa, J.D., de Santana, R.A.C.: Influence of zirconium percentage on microhardness and corrosion resistance of
Ti50 Ni50-xZrx shape memory alloys. Mater. Res. 22(4), e20180604 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0604
Fig. 8.8 Low velocity impact test result: Force (N)-Time (s) for the sintered specimen (5Nb + 5TiB2) left, and for the sintered + forged specimen
(5Nb + 5TiB2) right
8 Manufacturing of “Ni-Ti” Based Composites from Fresh. . .
59
The layer sheet - over-layer sheet (sandwich type) way, different type of composites components were produced fabricated in
the formation of interfacial regions between individual passages and layers. Depending on the particle size and/or the
thickness of the sheet put in the sandwich structure, certain amount of interfacial regions can occur for 20–30% of the entire
structure that influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties considerably. In case of Ni-Ti based sandwich
structure, this interface may be rich either Ti side or Ni side depending on the weight percent of the powder and also sheet that
are used for making alternative composite. Microstructure of the sandwich composite evaluated in the present work show a
homogenous a sound microstructure observed with very fine diffusion due to hot bonding process that hot forging process was
performed at 650
C under the inert atmosphere.
References
1. Bimber, B.A., Hamilton, R.F., Palmer, T.A.: Ni-concentration dependence of directed energy deposited NiTi alloy microstructures. Shape Mem.
Superelast. 5, 182–187 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-019-00215-8
2. Xiao, C., Lin, Y.C., Dong, W.: Dynamic recrystallization behaviour of a typical nickel-based superalloy during hot deformation. Mater. Des. 57,
568–577 (2014)
3. Nespoli, A., Besseghini, S.: A complete thermo-mechanical study of a NiTiCu shape memory alloy wire [J]. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 103,
821–826 (2011)
4. Balak, Z., Abbasi, S.M.: Influence of the Ti content, training cycles and pre-strain on the two-way shape memory effect in NiTi alloys. Mater.
Des. 32, 3992–3996 (2011)
5. Khamei, A., Dehghani, K.: Microstructural evolution during the hot deformation of TiÀ55Ni (at. pct) intermetallic alloy. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A. 41, 2595–2605 (2010)
6. Terayama, A., Fuyama, N., Yamashita, Y., Ishizaki, I., Kyogoku, H.: Fabrication of TiÀNb alloys by powder metallurgy process and their shape
memory characteristics. J. Alloys Compd. 577, 408–s412 (2013)
7. Wang, F., et al.: Nb 2 Al diffusion reaction in high Nb containing Ti-Al porous alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31(11), 1388–1391 (2015)
8. Yang, D., Hodgson, P., Wen, C.E.: The kinetics of two-stage formation of TiAl3 in multilayered Ti/Al foils prepared by accumulative roll
bonding. Intermetallics. 17(9), 727–732 (2009)
9. Cao, S., Gu, D., Shi, Q.: Relation of microstructure, microhardness and underlying thermodynamics in molten pools of laser melting deposition
processed TiC/Inconel 625 composites. J. Alloys Compd. 692, 758–769 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.098
10. Baran, A., Polanski, M.: Microstructure and properties of LENS (laser engineered net shaping) manufactured Ni-Ti shape memory
alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 750, 863–870 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.400
11. Ly, V., Sakame, N.: Developpement of new TiNi based composite sheets reinforced with hard particles for aeronautical applications, MasterPSYN final report. Supmeca-Paris, February (2020)
12. Ramos, A.P., de Castro, W.B., Costa, J.D., de Santana, R.A.C.: Influence of zirconium percentage on microhardness and corrosion resistance of
Ti50 Ni50-xZrx shape memory alloys. Mater. Res. 22(4), e20180604 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0604
Fig. 8.8 Low velocity impact test result: Force (N)-Time (s) for the sintered specimen (5Nb + 5TiB2) left, and for the sintered + forged specimen
(5Nb + 5TiB2) right
8 Manufacturing of “Ni-Ti” Based Composites from Fresh. . .
59