5.4 Conclusions
In the frame of the common research project, production of the scrap thin sheet copper based composite reinforced with pure
nano aluminium (~5 wt %) and fine particle zinc (d ¼ 1–5 μm) have been produced as a low cost “Cu-Al-Zn-1X” shape
memory composite with addition of small amount of other reinforcements. For two basic production methods, a combined
method through powder metallurgy processes called “sinter-forging” has been performed at the temperatures of 550
C and
650
C with 1 h dwell time followed slow quenching and final cooling operation respectively.
This composite will be used for the applications of the coupling and actuators in the aeronautical area. For mechanical
principally for the tailor behaviour of this composite, three point bending (3 PB) and impact tests were performed. They have
shown very high ductile and high absorbed energy capacity. Microstructural analyses have shown a homogeneous and sound
microstructure. Transformation temperatures were measured of the specimens produced under the laboratory conditions.
All of the specimens tested in our laboratory have shown that the most part of the impact force is used to maintain the
balance with the inertia force, and only a small portion of the impact force is actually used to damage via deformation and/or
fracture of the specimen. These results should be improved with detail analyses for industrial applications that is important for
the tailored behaviour of the composite pieces proposed in the present work.
References
1. Attar, S., Nagaral, M., Reddappa, H.N., Auradi, V.: A review on particulate reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites. J. Emerg. Tech.
Innov. Res. 2(2), 225–229 (2015)
2. Harrison, J.D., Hodgson, D.E.: In: Perkins, J. (ed.) Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, p. 517. Plenum Press (1975)
3. Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C., Hague, R.: The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technologypush. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 102, 93–201 (2016)
4. Wang, Z.G., Zu, X.T., Yu, H.J., He, X., Peng, C., Huo, Y.: Temperature memory effect in CuAlNi single crystalline and CuZnAl polycrystalline
shape memory alloys. Thermochim. Acta. 448, 69–72 (2006)
5. Firth, N., Afseth, A., Chapis, L., Athènes, C.: Making Way for Modern Aluminium, pp. 48–49. Aluminium International Today (2015)
6. Gatamorta, F., Miskioglu, I., Bayraktar, E., Melo, M.L.N.M.: Recycling of Aluminium-431 by High Energy Milling Reinforced with TiC-MoCu for New Composites in Connection Applications, Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 41–46. Springer
(2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_6
7. Hekkert, M.P., Suurs, R.A., Negro, S.O., Kuhlmann, S., Smits, R.E.: Functions of innovation systems: a new approach for analysing
technological change. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 74(4), 413–432 (2007)
8. Singh, J., Chauhan, A.: Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications–a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5
(2), 159–169 (2016)
9. Gatamorta, F., Katundi, D., Bayraktar, E., Ferreira, L.M.P., Melo, M.L.N.M.: Magnetic Shape Memory Composite (MSMC) Design from
Intermetallic Cu-NiTi-MnAl-Fe 3 O 4 Alloy as an Alternative Replacement for Actuators Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials,
vol. 5, pp. 47–54. Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_7
10. Katundi, D., Ferreira, L.P., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Robert, M.H.: Design of magnetic aluminium (A356) based composites through
combined method of sinter + forging. In: Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 6, pp. 89–101 (2017)
11. Ashkenazi, D.: How aluminum changed the world: a metallurgical revolution through technological and cultural perspectives. Technol.
Forecast. Soc. Chang. 143, 101–113 (2019)
12. Ly, V., Sakame, N.: Development of new TiNi based composite sheets reinforced with hard particles for aeronautical applications. MasterPSYN final report, Supmeca-Paris (2020)
13. Ramos, A.P., de Castro, W.B., Costa, J.D., de Santana, R.A.C.: Influence of zirconium percentage on microhardness and corrosion resistance of
Ti50 Ni50-xZrx shape memory alloys. Mater. Res. 22(4), e20180604 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0604
5 Tailored Behaviour of Scrap Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced. . .
33
In the frame of the common research project, production of the scrap thin sheet copper based composite reinforced with pure
nano aluminium (~5 wt %) and fine particle zinc (d ¼ 1–5 μm) have been produced as a low cost “Cu-Al-Zn-1X” shape
memory composite with addition of small amount of other reinforcements. For two basic production methods, a combined
method through powder metallurgy processes called “sinter-forging” has been performed at the temperatures of 550
C and
650
C with 1 h dwell time followed slow quenching and final cooling operation respectively.
This composite will be used for the applications of the coupling and actuators in the aeronautical area. For mechanical
principally for the tailor behaviour of this composite, three point bending (3 PB) and impact tests were performed. They have
shown very high ductile and high absorbed energy capacity. Microstructural analyses have shown a homogeneous and sound
microstructure. Transformation temperatures were measured of the specimens produced under the laboratory conditions.
All of the specimens tested in our laboratory have shown that the most part of the impact force is used to maintain the
balance with the inertia force, and only a small portion of the impact force is actually used to damage via deformation and/or
fracture of the specimen. These results should be improved with detail analyses for industrial applications that is important for
the tailored behaviour of the composite pieces proposed in the present work.
References
1. Attar, S., Nagaral, M., Reddappa, H.N., Auradi, V.: A review on particulate reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites. J. Emerg. Tech.
Innov. Res. 2(2), 225–229 (2015)
2. Harrison, J.D., Hodgson, D.E.: In: Perkins, J. (ed.) Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, p. 517. Plenum Press (1975)
3. Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C., Hague, R.: The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technologypush. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 102, 93–201 (2016)
4. Wang, Z.G., Zu, X.T., Yu, H.J., He, X., Peng, C., Huo, Y.: Temperature memory effect in CuAlNi single crystalline and CuZnAl polycrystalline
shape memory alloys. Thermochim. Acta. 448, 69–72 (2006)
5. Firth, N., Afseth, A., Chapis, L., Athènes, C.: Making Way for Modern Aluminium, pp. 48–49. Aluminium International Today (2015)
6. Gatamorta, F., Miskioglu, I., Bayraktar, E., Melo, M.L.N.M.: Recycling of Aluminium-431 by High Energy Milling Reinforced with TiC-MoCu for New Composites in Connection Applications, Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 41–46. Springer
(2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_6
7. Hekkert, M.P., Suurs, R.A., Negro, S.O., Kuhlmann, S., Smits, R.E.: Functions of innovation systems: a new approach for analysing
technological change. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 74(4), 413–432 (2007)
8. Singh, J., Chauhan, A.: Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications–a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5
(2), 159–169 (2016)
9. Gatamorta, F., Katundi, D., Bayraktar, E., Ferreira, L.M.P., Melo, M.L.N.M.: Magnetic Shape Memory Composite (MSMC) Design from
Intermetallic Cu-NiTi-MnAl-Fe 3 O 4 Alloy as an Alternative Replacement for Actuators Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials,
vol. 5, pp. 47–54. Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_7
10. Katundi, D., Ferreira, L.P., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Robert, M.H.: Design of magnetic aluminium (A356) based composites through
combined method of sinter + forging. In: Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 6, pp. 89–101 (2017)
11. Ashkenazi, D.: How aluminum changed the world: a metallurgical revolution through technological and cultural perspectives. Technol.
Forecast. Soc. Chang. 143, 101–113 (2019)
12. Ly, V., Sakame, N.: Development of new TiNi based composite sheets reinforced with hard particles for aeronautical applications. MasterPSYN final report, Supmeca-Paris (2020)
13. Ramos, A.P., de Castro, W.B., Costa, J.D., de Santana, R.A.C.: Influence of zirconium percentage on microhardness and corrosion resistance of
Ti50 Ni50-xZrx shape memory alloys. Mater. Res. 22(4), e20180604 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0604
5 Tailored Behaviour of Scrap Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced. . .
33