54
obtained from gun experiment (this study) and laser-driven shock experiment likely resulted from differences in strain rates
between the two types of experiments. Strain rates in our gun experiments (2–3 × 10
5
s
−1
) were an order of magnitude lower
compared to laser-driven shock experiments. Therefore, the lower spall strength observed in the gun experiment is consistent
with the fact that spall strength increases with strain rate in metals [14–16]. Large differences in the sample thickness and/or
dwell time (duration of compressive shock loading prior to the spall event) may also have contributed towards the spall
strength differences observed between gun and laser shock experiments [12].
9.4 Conclusion
Spall responses of continuously and pulsed electrodeposited gold samples and wrought gold samples produced via casting
and rolling were compared under planar shock wave loading. Despite significant differences in grain microstructure, identical spall strengths of 2 GPa were measured for all three samples, which were shocked to a peak stress of about 37 GPa. Spall
strength values obtained from our experiment are similar to spall strength obtained from explosively driven shock experiments, but they are significantly lower than reported values of 3–4.5 GPa obtained from laser-driven shock studies on thin
gold samples. The large difference in the spall strength values obtained from these two different types of shock experiments
may have resulted from large differences in the strain rate, sample thickness, and/or dwell time. Overall, results obtained
from this study show that electroplating is a viable method for producing gold samples that have dynamic mechanical properties comparable to those produced by conventional techniques, such as casting and rolling.
Acknowledgments This publication is based upon work performed at the new Dynamic Equation of State (DEOS) facility at Los Alamos
National Laboratory (LANL). John Wright and Joe Rivera (M-9) are thanked for target assembly and firing of the 40 mm powder gun. Patrick
Younk and Jeremy Payton (Neutron Science & Technology (P-23) group, LANL) are gratefully acknowledged for their help with fielding the
multiplexed PDV system. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
References
1. Yokoo, M., Kawai, N., Nakamura, K.G., Kondo, K.: Ultrahigh- pressure scales for gold and platinum at pressures up to 500 GPa. Phys. Rev.
B. 80, 104,114 (2009)
2. Matsui, M.: High temperature and high pressure equation of state of gold. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 215, 012197 (2010)
3. Godwal, B.K., Ng, A., Jeanloz, R.: Gold under high pressure. Int. J. High Pressure Res. 10, 687–693 (1992)
4. Horwood, C., Stadermann, M., Bunn, T.L.: Metal alloy ICF capsules created by electrodeposition. Fusion Sci. Technol. 73, 335–343 (2018)
5. Follansbee, P.S., Gray III, G.T.: Dynamic deformation of shock prestrained copper. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 138, 23–31 (1991)
6. Strand, O.T., Goosman, D.R., Martinez, C., Whitworth, T.L.: Compact system for high-speed velocimetry using heterodyne techniques. Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 77, 083108 (2006)
7. Yooko, M., Kawai, N., Nakamura, K.G., Kondo, K.: Hugoniot measurement of gold at high pressures of up to 580 GPa. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92,
051901 (2008)
8. Wackerle, J.: Shock-wave compression of quartz. J. Appl. Phys. 33(3), 922–937 (1962)
9. Lescoute, E., Rességuier, T.D., Chevalier, J.-M., Loison, D., Cuq- Lelandais, J.-P., Boustie, M., Breil, J., Maire, P.-H., Schurtz, G.: Ejection of
spalled layers from laser shock-loaded metals. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 093510 (2010)
10. Williams, C., Love, B.: Dynamic failure of materials: a review. Army Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-TR-5275 (2010)
11. Rességuier, T.D., Lescoute, E., Loison, D., Chevalier, J.M.: Effects of sample temperature on spall fracture in laser shock-loaded metals
between 30 K and 1000 K. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 500, 112,020 (2014)
12. LaLone, B.M., Stevend, G.D., Turley, W.D., Veeser, L.R., Holtkamp, D.B.: Spall strength and ejecta production of gold under explosively
driven shock wave compression. National Security Technologies (NSTec) Technical Report DOE/NV/25946-1946 (2013)
13. Robbins, D.L., Gehr, R.J., Harper, R.W., Rupp, T.D., Sheffield, S.A., Stahl, D.B.: Laser-driven miniflyer induced gold spall. AIP Conf. Proc.
505, 1199–1202 (2000)
14. Buchar, J., Rolc, S., Hrebícek, J.: Strain rate dependence of the spall strength of steels. J. Phys. IV France. 7(C3), 951–956 (1997)
15. Moshe, E., Eliezer, S., Dekel, E., Ludmirskym, A., Henis, Z., Werdiger, M., Goldberg, I.B., Eliaz, N., Eliezer, D.: An increase of the spall
strength in aluminum, copper, and Metglas at strain rates larger than 10
7
s
−1
. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 4004–4011 (1998)
16. Remington, T.P., Hahn, E.N., Zhao, S., Flanagan, R., Mertens, J.C.E., Sabbaghianrad, S., Langdon, T.G., Wehrenberg, C.E., Maddox, B.R.,
Swift, D.C., Remington, B.A., Chawla, N., Meyers, M.A.: Spall strength dependence on grain size and strain rate in tantalum. Acta Mater. 158,
313–329 (2018)
A. Mandal et al.
obtained from gun experiment (this study) and laser-driven shock experiment likely resulted from differences in strain rates
between the two types of experiments. Strain rates in our gun experiments (2–3 × 10
5
s
−1
) were an order of magnitude lower
compared to laser-driven shock experiments. Therefore, the lower spall strength observed in the gun experiment is consistent
with the fact that spall strength increases with strain rate in metals [14–16]. Large differences in the sample thickness and/or
dwell time (duration of compressive shock loading prior to the spall event) may also have contributed towards the spall
strength differences observed between gun and laser shock experiments [12].
9.4 Conclusion
Spall responses of continuously and pulsed electrodeposited gold samples and wrought gold samples produced via casting
and rolling were compared under planar shock wave loading. Despite significant differences in grain microstructure, identical spall strengths of 2 GPa were measured for all three samples, which were shocked to a peak stress of about 37 GPa. Spall
strength values obtained from our experiment are similar to spall strength obtained from explosively driven shock experiments, but they are significantly lower than reported values of 3–4.5 GPa obtained from laser-driven shock studies on thin
gold samples. The large difference in the spall strength values obtained from these two different types of shock experiments
may have resulted from large differences in the strain rate, sample thickness, and/or dwell time. Overall, results obtained
from this study show that electroplating is a viable method for producing gold samples that have dynamic mechanical properties comparable to those produced by conventional techniques, such as casting and rolling.
Acknowledgments This publication is based upon work performed at the new Dynamic Equation of State (DEOS) facility at Los Alamos
National Laboratory (LANL). John Wright and Joe Rivera (M-9) are thanked for target assembly and firing of the 40 mm powder gun. Patrick
Younk and Jeremy Payton (Neutron Science & Technology (P-23) group, LANL) are gratefully acknowledged for their help with fielding the
multiplexed PDV system. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
References
1. Yokoo, M., Kawai, N., Nakamura, K.G., Kondo, K.: Ultrahigh- pressure scales for gold and platinum at pressures up to 500 GPa. Phys. Rev.
B. 80, 104,114 (2009)
2. Matsui, M.: High temperature and high pressure equation of state of gold. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 215, 012197 (2010)
3. Godwal, B.K., Ng, A., Jeanloz, R.: Gold under high pressure. Int. J. High Pressure Res. 10, 687–693 (1992)
4. Horwood, C., Stadermann, M., Bunn, T.L.: Metal alloy ICF capsules created by electrodeposition. Fusion Sci. Technol. 73, 335–343 (2018)
5. Follansbee, P.S., Gray III, G.T.: Dynamic deformation of shock prestrained copper. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 138, 23–31 (1991)
6. Strand, O.T., Goosman, D.R., Martinez, C., Whitworth, T.L.: Compact system for high-speed velocimetry using heterodyne techniques. Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 77, 083108 (2006)
7. Yooko, M., Kawai, N., Nakamura, K.G., Kondo, K.: Hugoniot measurement of gold at high pressures of up to 580 GPa. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92,
051901 (2008)
8. Wackerle, J.: Shock-wave compression of quartz. J. Appl. Phys. 33(3), 922–937 (1962)
9. Lescoute, E., Rességuier, T.D., Chevalier, J.-M., Loison, D., Cuq- Lelandais, J.-P., Boustie, M., Breil, J., Maire, P.-H., Schurtz, G.: Ejection of
spalled layers from laser shock-loaded metals. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 093510 (2010)
10. Williams, C., Love, B.: Dynamic failure of materials: a review. Army Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-TR-5275 (2010)
11. Rességuier, T.D., Lescoute, E., Loison, D., Chevalier, J.M.: Effects of sample temperature on spall fracture in laser shock-loaded metals
between 30 K and 1000 K. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 500, 112,020 (2014)
12. LaLone, B.M., Stevend, G.D., Turley, W.D., Veeser, L.R., Holtkamp, D.B.: Spall strength and ejecta production of gold under explosively
driven shock wave compression. National Security Technologies (NSTec) Technical Report DOE/NV/25946-1946 (2013)
13. Robbins, D.L., Gehr, R.J., Harper, R.W., Rupp, T.D., Sheffield, S.A., Stahl, D.B.: Laser-driven miniflyer induced gold spall. AIP Conf. Proc.
505, 1199–1202 (2000)
14. Buchar, J., Rolc, S., Hrebícek, J.: Strain rate dependence of the spall strength of steels. J. Phys. IV France. 7(C3), 951–956 (1997)
15. Moshe, E., Eliezer, S., Dekel, E., Ludmirskym, A., Henis, Z., Werdiger, M., Goldberg, I.B., Eliaz, N., Eliezer, D.: An increase of the spall
strength in aluminum, copper, and Metglas at strain rates larger than 10
7
s
−1
. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 4004–4011 (1998)
16. Remington, T.P., Hahn, E.N., Zhao, S., Flanagan, R., Mertens, J.C.E., Sabbaghianrad, S., Langdon, T.G., Wehrenberg, C.E., Maddox, B.R.,
Swift, D.C., Remington, B.A., Chawla, N., Meyers, M.A.: Spall strength dependence on grain size and strain rate in tantalum. Acta Mater. 158,
313–329 (2018)
A. Mandal et al.