51
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. Lamberson et al. (eds.), Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, Conference Proceedings of the Society
for Experimental Mechanics Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59947-8_9
Chapter 9
Spall Response of Electroplated Gold Samples
Anirban Mandal, William W. Anderson, Brian J. Jensen, Frank J. Cherne, and Daniel E. Hooks
Abstract In this work, we performed 1D plate impact experiments to examine spall responses of electroplated gold samples
produced using constant potential (DC plated) and pulsed plating techniques. The spall response of these two types of electroplated samples were compared with that of a wrought gold sample, all of which were shocked to a peak stress of ~37 GPa.
Our results show comparable spall strengths of 2 GPa for the electroplated and the wrought gold samples. Spall strength
values obtained from our gun experiment are similar to spall strength obtained from explosively driven shock experiments,
but they are significantly lower than those reported in laser-driven shock studies on thin gold samples. Overall, our results
show that electroplating is a viable method for producing gold samples that have dynamic mechanical properties comparable
to those produced by conventional techniques.
Keywords Shock wave · Spall · Gold · Electrodeposition
9.1 Introduction
Gold (Au) is often used as an internal pressure calibrant in static high-pressure studies because it is chemically inert, highly
compressible and stable over a wide temperature and pressure ranges [1, 2]. Gold’s ability to efficiently convert laser energy
into soft X-rays is used in indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) [3]. Since samples with desired purity and
controlled microstructure can be produced in a consistent manner, gold can potentially be used to produce graded-density
alloys for use in metal capsules for ICF experiments [4] and as impactors in high-pressure dynamic (shock wave) loading
experiments.
While millimeter-thick gold samples can be produced in several ways, electroplating (also referred to as electrochemical
deposition or simply, electrodeposition) is one possible way to produce layered parts without seams or inclusions of unwanted
atomic constituents [4], while minimizing machining waste. As described below, electroplated samples with controlled grain
microstructures were produced by varying the electrochemical parameters. Continuously electrodeposited (CED) gold samples were produced using a constant potential (DC, 20 mA/in.
2
). On the other hand, pulsed electrodeposited (PED) gold
samples were produced using pulsed currents of 40 mA/in.
2
for 2 ms (50% duty cycle) and then 80 mA/in.
2
for 1 ms (50%
duty cycle). The CED gold sample microstructure exhibited large anisotropy with smaller plan-view grain sizes compared to
transverse grain sizes. In contrast, pulse plated (PED) gold samples had uniform grain sizes throughout the film thickness.
Mechanical properties (flow stress, microhardness, and modulus) of the two different types of electrodeposited gold
samples under static loading were not significantly different; they were also found to be comparable to the mechanical properties of a wrought gold sample produced via casting and rolling. In this work, our objective is to find out how the dynamic
properties of the electrodeposited gold samples differed from the wrought sample. Specifically, we focus on examining the
dynamic tensile or spall response of these materials.
A. Mandal (*) · W. W. Anderson · B. J. Jensen · F. J. Cherne
Shock and Detonation Physics (M-9), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
e-mail: anirban_mandal@lanl.gov; wvanderson@lanl.gov; bjjensen@lanl.gov; cherne@lanl.gov
D. E. Hooks
Sigma-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
e-mail: dhooks@lanl.gov
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. Lamberson et al. (eds.), Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, Conference Proceedings of the Society
for Experimental Mechanics Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59947-8_9
Chapter 9
Spall Response of Electroplated Gold Samples
Anirban Mandal, William W. Anderson, Brian J. Jensen, Frank J. Cherne, and Daniel E. Hooks
Abstract In this work, we performed 1D plate impact experiments to examine spall responses of electroplated gold samples
produced using constant potential (DC plated) and pulsed plating techniques. The spall response of these two types of electroplated samples were compared with that of a wrought gold sample, all of which were shocked to a peak stress of ~37 GPa.
Our results show comparable spall strengths of 2 GPa for the electroplated and the wrought gold samples. Spall strength
values obtained from our gun experiment are similar to spall strength obtained from explosively driven shock experiments,
but they are significantly lower than those reported in laser-driven shock studies on thin gold samples. Overall, our results
show that electroplating is a viable method for producing gold samples that have dynamic mechanical properties comparable
to those produced by conventional techniques.
Keywords Shock wave · Spall · Gold · Electrodeposition
9.1 Introduction
Gold (Au) is often used as an internal pressure calibrant in static high-pressure studies because it is chemically inert, highly
compressible and stable over a wide temperature and pressure ranges [1, 2]. Gold’s ability to efficiently convert laser energy
into soft X-rays is used in indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) [3]. Since samples with desired purity and
controlled microstructure can be produced in a consistent manner, gold can potentially be used to produce graded-density
alloys for use in metal capsules for ICF experiments [4] and as impactors in high-pressure dynamic (shock wave) loading
experiments.
While millimeter-thick gold samples can be produced in several ways, electroplating (also referred to as electrochemical
deposition or simply, electrodeposition) is one possible way to produce layered parts without seams or inclusions of unwanted
atomic constituents [4], while minimizing machining waste. As described below, electroplated samples with controlled grain
microstructures were produced by varying the electrochemical parameters. Continuously electrodeposited (CED) gold samples were produced using a constant potential (DC, 20 mA/in.
2
). On the other hand, pulsed electrodeposited (PED) gold
samples were produced using pulsed currents of 40 mA/in.
2
for 2 ms (50% duty cycle) and then 80 mA/in.
2
for 1 ms (50%
duty cycle). The CED gold sample microstructure exhibited large anisotropy with smaller plan-view grain sizes compared to
transverse grain sizes. In contrast, pulse plated (PED) gold samples had uniform grain sizes throughout the film thickness.
Mechanical properties (flow stress, microhardness, and modulus) of the two different types of electrodeposited gold
samples under static loading were not significantly different; they were also found to be comparable to the mechanical properties of a wrought gold sample produced via casting and rolling. In this work, our objective is to find out how the dynamic
properties of the electrodeposited gold samples differed from the wrought sample. Specifically, we focus on examining the
dynamic tensile or spall response of these materials.
A. Mandal (*) · W. W. Anderson · B. J. Jensen · F. J. Cherne
Shock and Detonation Physics (M-9), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
e-mail: anirban_mandal@lanl.gov; wvanderson@lanl.gov; bjjensen@lanl.gov; cherne@lanl.gov
D. E. Hooks
Sigma-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
e-mail: dhooks@lanl.gov