42
7.5 Conclusion
In this study, we have presented a novel design of LN-functionalized load limiter in seat belt retractor system. Based on the
quasi-static pulling and dynamic sled testing results of LN load limiters and the comparison with traditional torsion bar load
limiter, we have demonstrated:
1. The concept of LN load limiter is validated and LN has the potential to be used to in lieu of a traditional metallic torsion bar;
2. The LN load limiter possesses high tunability;
3. The response of LN load limiter is ultra-fast and adaptive to external loading speed.
In short, LN is a promising material in seat belt retractor system as well as many other similar applications. The findings
have merit in the design of advanced devices for occupant protection.
Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the Ford- MSU Alliance program.
References
1. Dept of Transportation (US) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts: Occupant Protection (DOT HS
811 160) (2009)
2. Zhang, Y., Li, M., Gao, Y., Xu, B., Lu, W.: Compressing liquid nanofoam systems: liquid infiltration or nanopore deformation? Nanoscale. 10,
18444–18450 (2018)
3. Li, M., Li, J., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Lu, W.: Enhanced filler- tube wall interaction in liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes. Compos.
Struct. 200, 120–126 (2018)
4. Li, M., Lu, W.: Liquid marble: a novel liquid nanofoam structure for energy absorption. AIP Adv. 7, 055312 (2017)
5. Sun, Y., Li, P., Qiao, Y., Li, Y.: Time-dependent gas-liquid interaction in molecular-sized nanopores. Sci. Rep. 4, 6547 (2014)
6. Qiao, Y., Liu, L., Chen, X.: Pressurized liquid in nanopores: a modified Laplace-Young equation. Nano Lett. 9, 984–988 (2009)
7. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Chow, B.J., Qiao, Y.: Endcapping treatment of inner surfaces of a hexagonal mesoporous silica. J. Adhes. Sci.
Technol. 26, 2135–2141 (2012)
8. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Lim, H., Qiao, Y.: Effects of surface charging treatment on outer and inner surfaces of a nanoporous carbon. J. Mater.
Res. 24, 2471–2475 (2009)
9. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Qiao, Y.: Effect of 16- mercaptohexadecanoic acid modification on liquid transport in a nanoporous carbon. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 94, 33–36 (2009)
10. Grosu, Y., Giacomello, A., Meloni, S., González-Fernández, L., Chorazewski, M., Geppert-Rybczynska, M., et al.: Viscosity at the nanoscale:
confined liquid dynamics and thermal effects in self- recovering nanobumpers. J. Phys. Chem. C. 122, 14248–14256 (2018)
Fig. 7.7 Mechanical response of LN load limiters under dynamic sled tests (a) force-payout per gram of silica gel curves of various load limiters
and (b) excess payout of various load limiters
M. Li et al.
7.5 Conclusion
In this study, we have presented a novel design of LN-functionalized load limiter in seat belt retractor system. Based on the
quasi-static pulling and dynamic sled testing results of LN load limiters and the comparison with traditional torsion bar load
limiter, we have demonstrated:
1. The concept of LN load limiter is validated and LN has the potential to be used to in lieu of a traditional metallic torsion bar;
2. The LN load limiter possesses high tunability;
3. The response of LN load limiter is ultra-fast and adaptive to external loading speed.
In short, LN is a promising material in seat belt retractor system as well as many other similar applications. The findings
have merit in the design of advanced devices for occupant protection.
Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the Ford- MSU Alliance program.
References
1. Dept of Transportation (US) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts: Occupant Protection (DOT HS
811 160) (2009)
2. Zhang, Y., Li, M., Gao, Y., Xu, B., Lu, W.: Compressing liquid nanofoam systems: liquid infiltration or nanopore deformation? Nanoscale. 10,
18444–18450 (2018)
3. Li, M., Li, J., Barbat, S., Baccouche, R., Lu, W.: Enhanced filler- tube wall interaction in liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes. Compos.
Struct. 200, 120–126 (2018)
4. Li, M., Lu, W.: Liquid marble: a novel liquid nanofoam structure for energy absorption. AIP Adv. 7, 055312 (2017)
5. Sun, Y., Li, P., Qiao, Y., Li, Y.: Time-dependent gas-liquid interaction in molecular-sized nanopores. Sci. Rep. 4, 6547 (2014)
6. Qiao, Y., Liu, L., Chen, X.: Pressurized liquid in nanopores: a modified Laplace-Young equation. Nano Lett. 9, 984–988 (2009)
7. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Chow, B.J., Qiao, Y.: Endcapping treatment of inner surfaces of a hexagonal mesoporous silica. J. Adhes. Sci.
Technol. 26, 2135–2141 (2012)
8. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Lim, H., Qiao, Y.: Effects of surface charging treatment on outer and inner surfaces of a nanoporous carbon. J. Mater.
Res. 24, 2471–2475 (2009)
9. Lu, W., Han, A., Kim, T., Qiao, Y.: Effect of 16- mercaptohexadecanoic acid modification on liquid transport in a nanoporous carbon. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 94, 33–36 (2009)
10. Grosu, Y., Giacomello, A., Meloni, S., González-Fernández, L., Chorazewski, M., Geppert-Rybczynska, M., et al.: Viscosity at the nanoscale:
confined liquid dynamics and thermal effects in self- recovering nanobumpers. J. Phys. Chem. C. 122, 14248–14256 (2018)
Fig. 7.7 Mechanical response of LN load limiters under dynamic sled tests (a) force-payout per gram of silica gel curves of various load limiters
and (b) excess payout of various load limiters
M. Li et al.