Contents
1 Introduction: Temperature and Some Comment on Work . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Heat, Its Two Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.2 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3 Thermodynamic Systems and the General Concept
of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.3.1 Nonequilibrium and Irreversibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4 Dimension and Unit of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.4.1 Universal Constants: Dimensionless Conversion
Factors and Dimensional Universal Constants . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Thermal Equation of State for Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Mixtures of Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Calculation of
R
pdV for “Quasi-static Processes” . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Difference Between a Mass Body and a Thermodynamic
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.1 Quasi-static Process and Work Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.9.2 A Mass Body and a Thermodynamic System:
No Thermodynamic System is an Island . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.10 Quantity of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 Calorimetry and the Caloric Theory of Heat, the Measurement
of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Theories of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Direct Heating: Sensible Heat and Latent Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 The Doctrine of Latent and Sensible Heats in an Internally
Reversible Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Adiabatic Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
xi
1 Introduction: Temperature and Some Comment on Work . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Heat, Its Two Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.2 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3 Thermodynamic Systems and the General Concept
of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.3.1 Nonequilibrium and Irreversibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4 Dimension and Unit of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.4.1 Universal Constants: Dimensionless Conversion
Factors and Dimensional Universal Constants . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Thermal Equation of State for Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Mixtures of Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Calculation of
R
pdV for “Quasi-static Processes” . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Difference Between a Mass Body and a Thermodynamic
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.1 Quasi-static Process and Work Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.9.2 A Mass Body and a Thermodynamic System:
No Thermodynamic System is an Island . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.10 Quantity of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 Calorimetry and the Caloric Theory of Heat, the Measurement
of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Theories of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Direct Heating: Sensible Heat and Latent Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 The Doctrine of Latent and Sensible Heats in an Internally
Reversible Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Adiabatic Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
xi