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P. Liu
Fig. 3.4 Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822, Italian physicist and hydraulician)
Henri Pitot (1695–1771) who was the French mathematician and water
engineer invented a pitot tube to measure the velocity of flow. Giovanni
Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist and hydrologist, designed a venturi tube
to measure the flow through the pipeline (1746–1822, as shown in Fig. 3.4).
D’Alembert (1717–1783), the famous French physicist, mathematician, and
astronomer, established a towing pool to carry out the resistance experiment
of diving objects. In 1852, the French F. Reech proposed the similarity criterion under the action of gravity by observing wave motion and ship model
test. The British scholar William Froude (1810–1879, as shown in Fig. 3.5)
gave the method of calculating ship friction resistance. Poiseuille (1799–
1869), the French physiologist, discussed the flow of blood and gave the
calculation formula of capillary resistance to flow and flow distribution. The
French engineer Henry Darcy (1803–1858, as shown in Fig. 3.6) carried
out a seepage experiment and obtained the movement rule of liquid through
porous media. The French hydrologist A. Chezy (1718–1798) established the
theory of steady uniform flow in open channel. According to the flow resistance of river and pipeline and the roughness of the boundary, the velocity
and discharge were calculated from the empirical formula. Manning (1889),
the Irish engineer, introduced the roughness coefficient to characterize the
influence of the wall and established the empirical relationship between the
chezy coefficient and the hydraulic radius of the river cross-section. Later,
P. Liu
Fig. 3.4 Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822, Italian physicist and hydraulician)
Henri Pitot (1695–1771) who was the French mathematician and water
engineer invented a pitot tube to measure the velocity of flow. Giovanni
Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist and hydrologist, designed a venturi tube
to measure the flow through the pipeline (1746–1822, as shown in Fig. 3.4).
D’Alembert (1717–1783), the famous French physicist, mathematician, and
astronomer, established a towing pool to carry out the resistance experiment
of diving objects. In 1852, the French F. Reech proposed the similarity criterion under the action of gravity by observing wave motion and ship model
test. The British scholar William Froude (1810–1879, as shown in Fig. 3.5)
gave the method of calculating ship friction resistance. Poiseuille (1799–
1869), the French physiologist, discussed the flow of blood and gave the
calculation formula of capillary resistance to flow and flow distribution. The
French engineer Henry Darcy (1803–1858, as shown in Fig. 3.6) carried
out a seepage experiment and obtained the movement rule of liquid through
porous media. The French hydrologist A. Chezy (1718–1798) established the
theory of steady uniform flow in open channel. According to the flow resistance of river and pipeline and the roughness of the boundary, the velocity
and discharge were calculated from the empirical formula. Manning (1889),
the Irish engineer, introduced the roughness coefficient to characterize the
influence of the wall and established the empirical relationship between the
chezy coefficient and the hydraulic radius of the river cross-section. Later,