associated with the aggregation of NW and incomplete dissolution of polymer with
NW. Further, the dehydration temperature was correlated with the crystallinity, and
it was concluded that the disruption of the crystallinity was not the dominant factor
for enhancement of the conductivity and is also confirmed by the XRD. This
enhancement in the conductivity was explained with the oxygen vacancy-rich
surface of the nanowire. These vacancies help in the salt dissociation, and oxygen
vacancy helps in smoother ion migration and hence faster ion mobility. The voltage
stability window was increased from 4.8 V (for NW free) to 5.5 V (wt. 10 wt. %
NW).
So, keeping this in mind, Do et al. (2012) prepared the nanorod (α-Fe 2 O 3
nanofiller with aspect ratio 7) so that the desired improvement can be achieved at
low critical concentration. For better comparison, both nanoparticle (NP; diameter
20–30 nm) and nanorod (NR; diameter 10–20 m) were dispersed separately as
nanorod has a higher aspect ratio which is associated with the longer percolation
paths available for the conduction. Figure 8.21 a and b depicts the FESEM image of
NR (average length and diameter of 105 Æ 32 and 16 Æ 5.4 nm, aspect ratio 6.6) and
NP with average diameter 29 Æ 11 nm. The ionic conductivity variation with the
temperature suggests that the maximum conductivity was achieved with NR even at
a lower content than the NP (Fig. 8.21c, d). This may be attributed to the formation
of a sufficient number of conducting pathways at low concentration owing to the
high aspect ratio of NR as compared to NP. Also, at high concentration, there is a
Fig. 8.20 Phase structure and morphology of the composite electrolytes with various contents of
LLTO nanowires. (a) XRD patterns of the composite electrolytes with various LLTO concentrations of 5À20 wt %. SEM images for the composite electrolytes with (b) 10 wt %, (c) 15 wt %, and
(d) 20 wt % nanowire fillers. (e) TEM image and (f) HRTEM image of the composite electrolyte
with 15 wt % nanowires, respectively. In panel f, the upper inset is the HRTEM image for LLTO
nanowire, and the bottom one illustrates the individual grain of the nanowires embedded in PAN
matrix. (With permission from (Liu et al. 2015) Copyright © 2015, American Chemical Society)
302
A. Arya and A. L. Sharma
NW. Further, the dehydration temperature was correlated with the crystallinity, and
it was concluded that the disruption of the crystallinity was not the dominant factor
for enhancement of the conductivity and is also confirmed by the XRD. This
enhancement in the conductivity was explained with the oxygen vacancy-rich
surface of the nanowire. These vacancies help in the salt dissociation, and oxygen
vacancy helps in smoother ion migration and hence faster ion mobility. The voltage
stability window was increased from 4.8 V (for NW free) to 5.5 V (wt. 10 wt. %
NW).
So, keeping this in mind, Do et al. (2012) prepared the nanorod (α-Fe 2 O 3
nanofiller with aspect ratio 7) so that the desired improvement can be achieved at
low critical concentration. For better comparison, both nanoparticle (NP; diameter
20–30 nm) and nanorod (NR; diameter 10–20 m) were dispersed separately as
nanorod has a higher aspect ratio which is associated with the longer percolation
paths available for the conduction. Figure 8.21 a and b depicts the FESEM image of
NR (average length and diameter of 105 Æ 32 and 16 Æ 5.4 nm, aspect ratio 6.6) and
NP with average diameter 29 Æ 11 nm. The ionic conductivity variation with the
temperature suggests that the maximum conductivity was achieved with NR even at
a lower content than the NP (Fig. 8.21c, d). This may be attributed to the formation
of a sufficient number of conducting pathways at low concentration owing to the
high aspect ratio of NR as compared to NP. Also, at high concentration, there is a
Fig. 8.20 Phase structure and morphology of the composite electrolytes with various contents of
LLTO nanowires. (a) XRD patterns of the composite electrolytes with various LLTO concentrations of 5À20 wt %. SEM images for the composite electrolytes with (b) 10 wt %, (c) 15 wt %, and
(d) 20 wt % nanowire fillers. (e) TEM image and (f) HRTEM image of the composite electrolyte
with 15 wt % nanowires, respectively. In panel f, the upper inset is the HRTEM image for LLTO
nanowire, and the bottom one illustrates the individual grain of the nanowires embedded in PAN
matrix. (With permission from (Liu et al. 2015) Copyright © 2015, American Chemical Society)
302
A. Arya and A. L. Sharma