12 Water Resources from Romanian Upper Tisa Basin
405
The entire Lower Somes , Plain, to the south and the north of the Tur River, belongs
to the sand and gravel deposits, who cantonate important groundwater reserves,
including in deep aquifers.
12.2.2 Morphological Component
The relief is diversified, ranging from meadows and valley corridors to high mountain
ranges [1, 5, 7, 35, 41] (Fig. 12.1 and 12.2).
The mountain component is closing to the eastern, southern and western periphery
the Maramure¸ s Depression (Maramure¸ s, Rodna, T , ibles , , L˘ apus , , Gutâi mountains, and
Ignis , Massif) and on the outskirts of the north-eastern, eastern and south-eastern the
river Tur Basin (Ignis , mountains and Oas , mountains with the two branches).
The piedmont structure is represented by Bors , a piedmonts (the southern part of the
Maramure¸ s mountains), V˘ aratec piedmont (the northern part of L˘ apu¸ s mountains),
Gutâi piedmont (northern part of the namesakes’ mountains) and Mara-S˘ apân¸ ta piedmont (located on the eastern and northern periphery of the Ignis , Massif). A similar
structure is present at the contact between Oas , Depression and the peripheral mountain frame to the north and the east (Oas , Mountains and Igni¸ s Massif).
The glacises component is represented by the S˘ acel and Vis , eu structures, as well
as those located on the eastern outskirts (north-south branch) and to the west of Oas ,
mountains towards Tur Plain, where in the last case the situation is complicated by
the numerous volcanic insertions.
The hilly structure is given by the interfluve between the Iza and Vis , eu rivers,
one of the lowest of its kind in Romania, which determines also an extreme basin
asymmetry for the two mentioned watercourses.
The depression component is developed, frequently, in the form of basins, widened
in confluence areas: Bor¸ sa, Vi¸ seu, Ruscova, Bârsana, Vadu Izei, Mara, Rona, Sighet
on which we can add, the gathering water market represented by the Oas , Depression.
Their value, in terms of the surface water resource, is extremely important from
a quantitative point of view. Qualitatively, however, the problems appear significant,
related, either to natural pollution (drainage of heavy metal ions from natural rich
deposits exposed to surface erosion, pollution with salts, due to the salt deposits in
the diapiric structures, very common throughout the Maramures , Depression, high
content of carbonates, because of the petrographic structure, etc.) or by anthropogenic
pollution (pollutants resulting from former mining works, organic and inorganic
residues derived from the residential areas, residues from logging activities, etc.).
As a groundwater resource, their importance is much mitigated except the Oas ,
Depression and of major confluences or river corridors (ex. Tisa’s corridor, where
is the water supply source for the Sighetu Marma¸ tiei municipality). There is a high
potential for their pollution, because of the human settlements pressure and their
economic activities.
405
The entire Lower Somes , Plain, to the south and the north of the Tur River, belongs
to the sand and gravel deposits, who cantonate important groundwater reserves,
including in deep aquifers.
12.2.2 Morphological Component
The relief is diversified, ranging from meadows and valley corridors to high mountain
ranges [1, 5, 7, 35, 41] (Fig. 12.1 and 12.2).
The mountain component is closing to the eastern, southern and western periphery
the Maramure¸ s Depression (Maramure¸ s, Rodna, T , ibles , , L˘ apus , , Gutâi mountains, and
Ignis , Massif) and on the outskirts of the north-eastern, eastern and south-eastern the
river Tur Basin (Ignis , mountains and Oas , mountains with the two branches).
The piedmont structure is represented by Bors , a piedmonts (the southern part of the
Maramure¸ s mountains), V˘ aratec piedmont (the northern part of L˘ apu¸ s mountains),
Gutâi piedmont (northern part of the namesakes’ mountains) and Mara-S˘ apân¸ ta piedmont (located on the eastern and northern periphery of the Ignis , Massif). A similar
structure is present at the contact between Oas , Depression and the peripheral mountain frame to the north and the east (Oas , Mountains and Igni¸ s Massif).
The glacises component is represented by the S˘ acel and Vis , eu structures, as well
as those located on the eastern outskirts (north-south branch) and to the west of Oas ,
mountains towards Tur Plain, where in the last case the situation is complicated by
the numerous volcanic insertions.
The hilly structure is given by the interfluve between the Iza and Vis , eu rivers,
one of the lowest of its kind in Romania, which determines also an extreme basin
asymmetry for the two mentioned watercourses.
The depression component is developed, frequently, in the form of basins, widened
in confluence areas: Bor¸ sa, Vi¸ seu, Ruscova, Bârsana, Vadu Izei, Mara, Rona, Sighet
on which we can add, the gathering water market represented by the Oas , Depression.
Their value, in terms of the surface water resource, is extremely important from
a quantitative point of view. Qualitatively, however, the problems appear significant,
related, either to natural pollution (drainage of heavy metal ions from natural rich
deposits exposed to surface erosion, pollution with salts, due to the salt deposits in
the diapiric structures, very common throughout the Maramures , Depression, high
content of carbonates, because of the petrographic structure, etc.) or by anthropogenic
pollution (pollutants resulting from former mining works, organic and inorganic
residues derived from the residential areas, residues from logging activities, etc.).
As a groundwater resource, their importance is much mitigated except the Oas ,
Depression and of major confluences or river corridors (ex. Tisa’s corridor, where
is the water supply source for the Sighetu Marma¸ tiei municipality). There is a high
potential for their pollution, because of the human settlements pressure and their
economic activities.