unit level (Zhao et al. 2008), the application rate of FGD in installed capacity
increased from 13% to 86% for 2005–2010, and the installed capacity share of
units !300 MW grew from 51% to 78%. An unpublished official survey indicated
that a national average removal efficiency of SO 2 by FGD systems at 75% would
lead to 60% reduction in SO 2 emission factor (SO 2 emissions per unit of coal
consumption) for the whole coal-fired power sector during 2005–2010, as shown
in Fig. 14.1a. From 2010 to 2014, penetration of FGD systems was further enhanced,
and the application rate reached 95% in 2014. Over 90% of units in the country were
equal to or larger than 300 MW. Under the requirement of updated emission standard
(GB13223-2011) for the power sector, moreover, the operation of FGD systems has
been substantially improved in contrast to earlier years (Xu 2011), resulting in elevated
removal efficiency of SO 2 . The average removal efficiencies of SO 2 in PRI and STD
cases by Xia et al. (2016) are summarized in Table 14.2. As a result, SO 2 emission
factors are estimated to be further reduced by 22% and 46% from 2010 to 2014,
respectively. Besides SO 2 control, the increased use of wet FGD could also be helpful
for PM emission control due to its side benefit on PM removal (Zhao et al. 2010).
Table 14.1 Emission standards for power and industrial sectors included in the STD case
Sector
Standard Issued Implemented Title
Power
GB
132232011
July,
2011
Jan, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants
Iron and
steel
production
GB
161712012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for coking chemical industry
GB
286622012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for
sintering and pelletizing of iron and steel
industry
GB
286632012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for iron
smelt industry
GB
286642012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for steel
smelt industry
Nonferrous
metal
smelting
GB
254652010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for aluminum industry
GB
254662010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for lead and
zinc industry
GB
254672010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for copper,
nickel, cobalt industry
Cement
production
GB
49152013
Dec,
2013
Mar, 2014
Emission standard of air pollutants for
cement industry
a This table was adapted from Xia et al. (2016) with permission by Elsevier
314
Y. Zhao and Y. Xia
increased from 13% to 86% for 2005–2010, and the installed capacity share of
units !300 MW grew from 51% to 78%. An unpublished official survey indicated
that a national average removal efficiency of SO 2 by FGD systems at 75% would
lead to 60% reduction in SO 2 emission factor (SO 2 emissions per unit of coal
consumption) for the whole coal-fired power sector during 2005–2010, as shown
in Fig. 14.1a. From 2010 to 2014, penetration of FGD systems was further enhanced,
and the application rate reached 95% in 2014. Over 90% of units in the country were
equal to or larger than 300 MW. Under the requirement of updated emission standard
(GB13223-2011) for the power sector, moreover, the operation of FGD systems has
been substantially improved in contrast to earlier years (Xu 2011), resulting in elevated
removal efficiency of SO 2 . The average removal efficiencies of SO 2 in PRI and STD
cases by Xia et al. (2016) are summarized in Table 14.2. As a result, SO 2 emission
factors are estimated to be further reduced by 22% and 46% from 2010 to 2014,
respectively. Besides SO 2 control, the increased use of wet FGD could also be helpful
for PM emission control due to its side benefit on PM removal (Zhao et al. 2010).
Table 14.1 Emission standards for power and industrial sectors included in the STD case
Sector
Standard Issued Implemented Title
Power
GB
132232011
July,
2011
Jan, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants
Iron and
steel
production
GB
161712012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for coking chemical industry
GB
286622012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for
sintering and pelletizing of iron and steel
industry
GB
286632012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for iron
smelt industry
GB
286642012
June,
2012
Oct, 2012
Emission standard of air pollutants for steel
smelt industry
Nonferrous
metal
smelting
GB
254652010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for aluminum industry
GB
254662010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for lead and
zinc industry
GB
254672010
Sep,
2010
Oct, 2010
Emission standard of pollutants for copper,
nickel, cobalt industry
Cement
production
GB
49152013
Dec,
2013
Mar, 2014
Emission standard of air pollutants for
cement industry
a This table was adapted from Xia et al. (2016) with permission by Elsevier
314
Y. Zhao and Y. Xia