extended to reduce the use of N fertilizer in the future, and the mitigation of the
adverse impacts of agricultural N overuse on the environment and human health in
China still needs attentions. Chinese farmers prefer to increase the input cost while
not always considering the effectiveness of N mitigation strategies. Generally, the
farm size in China is tiny; thus, it is difficult to implement mechanizations such as
those used at large scales (Xia et al. 2017a). Increasing farm sizes combined with
policy regulations and market exchange should be integrated to reduce N pollution
while increasing crop production (Ju et al. 2016). Therefore, comprehensive research
and development of innovative agricultural technologies and management systems
with socioeconomic research are still needed in China. Moreover, to gain insight into
the agronomic effect and environmental impact of N, a comprehensive N assessment
of the agricultural system should be undertaken in the future. For example, the key
driving factors of NUE and solutions for how to reduce the uncertainties and
understand the mechanisms of N loss (particularly of N loss through denitrification)
should be investigated.
References
Bakhsh A, Kanwar RS, Karlen DL (2005) Effects of liquid swine manure applications on NO 3 -N
leaching losses to subsurface drainage water from loamy soils in Iowa. Agric Ecosyst Environ
109(1–2):118–128
Black AS, Sherlock RR, Smith NP et al (1985) Effects of form of nitrogen, season, and urea
application rate on ammonia volatilization from pastures. New Zeal J Agr Res 28(4):469–474
Bouwman AF (1996) Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr Cycl
Agroecosyst 46(1):53–70
Bouwman AF, Fung I, Matthews E et al (1993) Global analysis of the potential for N 2 O production
in natural soils. Global Biogeochem Cy 7(3):557–597
Bussink DW, Oenema O (1998) Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate
areas: a review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51(1):19–33
Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL (2013) Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Ann
Appl Biol 162(2):145–173
Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS et al (2014) Producing more grain with lower environmental costs.
Nature 514(7523):486
Chen MP, Sun F, Shindo J (2016) China’s agricultural nitrogen flows in 2011: environmental
assessment and management scenarios. Resour Conserv Recycl 111:10–27
Cui ZL, Dou ZX, Chen XP et al (2014a) Managing agricultural nutrients for food security in China:
past, present, and future. Agron J 106(1):191–198
Cui ZL, Wang GL, Yue SC et al (2014b) Closing the N-use efficiency gap to achieve food and
environmental security. Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5780–5787
Dreelin EA, Fowler L, Carroll CR (2006) A test of porous pavement effectiveness on clay soils
during natural storm events. Water Res 40(4):799–805
Erisman JW, Sutton M, Galloway J et al (2008) How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the
world. Nat Geosci 1:636–639
Freney JR (1997) Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agriculture. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst
49(1–3):1–6
Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry 70(2):153–226
Goulding K (2000) Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land. Soil Use Manag 16:145–151
306
C. Ti and X. Yan
adverse impacts of agricultural N overuse on the environment and human health in
China still needs attentions. Chinese farmers prefer to increase the input cost while
not always considering the effectiveness of N mitigation strategies. Generally, the
farm size in China is tiny; thus, it is difficult to implement mechanizations such as
those used at large scales (Xia et al. 2017a). Increasing farm sizes combined with
policy regulations and market exchange should be integrated to reduce N pollution
while increasing crop production (Ju et al. 2016). Therefore, comprehensive research
and development of innovative agricultural technologies and management systems
with socioeconomic research are still needed in China. Moreover, to gain insight into
the agronomic effect and environmental impact of N, a comprehensive N assessment
of the agricultural system should be undertaken in the future. For example, the key
driving factors of NUE and solutions for how to reduce the uncertainties and
understand the mechanisms of N loss (particularly of N loss through denitrification)
should be investigated.
References
Bakhsh A, Kanwar RS, Karlen DL (2005) Effects of liquid swine manure applications on NO 3 -N
leaching losses to subsurface drainage water from loamy soils in Iowa. Agric Ecosyst Environ
109(1–2):118–128
Black AS, Sherlock RR, Smith NP et al (1985) Effects of form of nitrogen, season, and urea
application rate on ammonia volatilization from pastures. New Zeal J Agr Res 28(4):469–474
Bouwman AF (1996) Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr Cycl
Agroecosyst 46(1):53–70
Bouwman AF, Fung I, Matthews E et al (1993) Global analysis of the potential for N 2 O production
in natural soils. Global Biogeochem Cy 7(3):557–597
Bussink DW, Oenema O (1998) Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate
areas: a review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51(1):19–33
Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL (2013) Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Ann
Appl Biol 162(2):145–173
Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS et al (2014) Producing more grain with lower environmental costs.
Nature 514(7523):486
Chen MP, Sun F, Shindo J (2016) China’s agricultural nitrogen flows in 2011: environmental
assessment and management scenarios. Resour Conserv Recycl 111:10–27
Cui ZL, Dou ZX, Chen XP et al (2014a) Managing agricultural nutrients for food security in China:
past, present, and future. Agron J 106(1):191–198
Cui ZL, Wang GL, Yue SC et al (2014b) Closing the N-use efficiency gap to achieve food and
environmental security. Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5780–5787
Dreelin EA, Fowler L, Carroll CR (2006) A test of porous pavement effectiveness on clay soils
during natural storm events. Water Res 40(4):799–805
Erisman JW, Sutton M, Galloway J et al (2008) How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the
world. Nat Geosci 1:636–639
Freney JR (1997) Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agriculture. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst
49(1–3):1–6
Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry 70(2):153–226
Goulding K (2000) Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land. Soil Use Manag 16:145–151
306
C. Ti and X. Yan