increasing measures to improve N use efficiency in agricultural systems and reduce
reactive N emission from energy production and transportation systems (Liu et al.
2016c). Moreover, a national reformation of economy systems is also expected in the
near future. These changes promise a shift from increase to decrease in reactive N
emission and deposition in China. Future research efforts on the trends and
eco-environmental and human health effects of atmospheric reactive N will have
critical implications for future national reactive N regulations in China and other
rapidly developing countries.
References
Aber JD, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K et al (1998) Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest
ecosystems: hypotheses revisited. Bioscience 48:921–934
Abrol YP, Adhya TK, Aneja VP et al (eds) (2017) The Indian nitrogen assessment: sources of
reactive nitrogen, environmental and climate effects, management options, and policies.
Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam
Bai YF, Wu JG, Clark C et al (2010) Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia Grasslands. Glob Chang
Biol 16:358–372
Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J et al (2010) Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on
terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecol Appl 20:30–59
Bowman WD, Cleveland CC, Halada Ĺ et al (2008) Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soil
buffering capacity. Nat Geosci 1:767–770
Crutzen PJ (1988) Tropospheric ozone: an overview. In: Tropospheric ozone. Springer, Dordrecht,
pp 3–32
De Vries W, Solberg S, Dobbertin M et al (2009) The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon
sequestration by European forests and heathlands. For Ecol Manag 258:1814–1823
De Vries W, Du E, Butterbach-Bahl K (2014) Short and long-term impacts of nitrogen deposition
on carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems. Curr Opin Environ Sust 9-10:90–104
Dentener F, Drevet J, Lamarque JF et al (2006) Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and
global scales: a multimodel evaluation. Global Biogeochem Cycles 20:GB4003
Doering O, Galloway JN, Theis TL et al (2011) Reactive nitrogen in the United States: an analysis
of inputs, flows, consequences, and management options. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Du E (2016) Rise and fall of nitrogen deposition in the United States. PNAS 113:E3594–E3595
Du E, De Vries W (2018) Nitrogen-induced new net primary production and carbon sequestration in
global forests. Environ Pollut 242:1476–1487
Du E, Zhou Z, Li P et al (2013) NEECF: a project of nutrient enrichment experiments in China’s
forests. J Plant Ecol 6:428–435
Du E, de Vries W, Liu X et al (2015) Spatial boundary of urban ‘acid islands’ in China. Sci Rep
5:12625
Du E, de Vries W, Han WX et al (2016) Imbalanced phosphorus and nitrogen deposition in China’s
forests. Atmos Chem Phys 16:8571–8579
Du E, Dong D, Zeng X et al (2017) Direct effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial
plants in China. Sci Total Environ 605:764–769
Duce RA, LaRoche J, Altieri K et al (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the
open ocean. Science 320:893–897
8
X. Liu and E. Du
reactive N emission from energy production and transportation systems (Liu et al.
2016c). Moreover, a national reformation of economy systems is also expected in the
near future. These changes promise a shift from increase to decrease in reactive N
emission and deposition in China. Future research efforts on the trends and
eco-environmental and human health effects of atmospheric reactive N will have
critical implications for future national reactive N regulations in China and other
rapidly developing countries.
References
Aber JD, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K et al (1998) Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest
ecosystems: hypotheses revisited. Bioscience 48:921–934
Abrol YP, Adhya TK, Aneja VP et al (eds) (2017) The Indian nitrogen assessment: sources of
reactive nitrogen, environmental and climate effects, management options, and policies.
Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam
Bai YF, Wu JG, Clark C et al (2010) Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia Grasslands. Glob Chang
Biol 16:358–372
Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J et al (2010) Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on
terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecol Appl 20:30–59
Bowman WD, Cleveland CC, Halada Ĺ et al (2008) Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soil
buffering capacity. Nat Geosci 1:767–770
Crutzen PJ (1988) Tropospheric ozone: an overview. In: Tropospheric ozone. Springer, Dordrecht,
pp 3–32
De Vries W, Solberg S, Dobbertin M et al (2009) The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon
sequestration by European forests and heathlands. For Ecol Manag 258:1814–1823
De Vries W, Du E, Butterbach-Bahl K (2014) Short and long-term impacts of nitrogen deposition
on carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems. Curr Opin Environ Sust 9-10:90–104
Dentener F, Drevet J, Lamarque JF et al (2006) Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and
global scales: a multimodel evaluation. Global Biogeochem Cycles 20:GB4003
Doering O, Galloway JN, Theis TL et al (2011) Reactive nitrogen in the United States: an analysis
of inputs, flows, consequences, and management options. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Du E (2016) Rise and fall of nitrogen deposition in the United States. PNAS 113:E3594–E3595
Du E, De Vries W (2018) Nitrogen-induced new net primary production and carbon sequestration in
global forests. Environ Pollut 242:1476–1487
Du E, Zhou Z, Li P et al (2013) NEECF: a project of nutrient enrichment experiments in China’s
forests. J Plant Ecol 6:428–435
Du E, de Vries W, Liu X et al (2015) Spatial boundary of urban ‘acid islands’ in China. Sci Rep
5:12625
Du E, de Vries W, Han WX et al (2016) Imbalanced phosphorus and nitrogen deposition in China’s
forests. Atmos Chem Phys 16:8571–8579
Du E, Dong D, Zeng X et al (2017) Direct effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial
plants in China. Sci Total Environ 605:764–769
Duce RA, LaRoche J, Altieri K et al (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the
open ocean. Science 320:893–897
8
X. Liu and E. Du