provides direct evidence for source apportionment of atmospheric NH 3 . However, the
lack of in situ source characterization of δ
15
N-NH 3 in China limits its application.
Although the δ
15
N method can distinguish fossil fuel combustion from agricultural
sources, it cannot distinguish their subdivisions (e.g., coal-fired boiler, NH 3 escape and
vehicle exhaust, fertilizers, and animal husbandry) because the δ
15
N-NH 3 values of the
subdivisions overlap. Further field work and lab experiments are required to adequately characterize end-member isotopic signatures and the subsequent isotopic
fractionation process under different air pollution and meteorological conditions.
References
Almeida J, Schobesberger S, Kurten A et al (2013) Molecular understanding of sulphuric acidamine particle nucleation in the atmosphere. Nature 502:359–363
Apte JS, Marshall JD, Cohen AJ et al (2015) Addressing global mortality from ambient PM 2.5 .
Environ Sci Technol 49:8057–8066
Atkinson R (1990) Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: a review. Atmos
Environ 24:1–41
Bandyopadhyay B, Kumar P, Biswas P (2017) Ammonia catalyzed formation of sulfuric acid in
troposphere: the curious case of a base promoting acid rain. J Phys Chem A 121:3101–3108
Barnes I, Solignac G, Mellouki A et al (2010) Aspects of the atmospheric chemistry of amides.
ChemPhysChem 11:3844–3857
Boy M, Kulmala M, Ruuskanen TM et al (2005) Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to
nucleation mode particle growth. Atmos Chem Phys 5:863–878
Brauer M, Freedman G, Frostad J et al (2016) Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the
global burden of disease 2013. Environ Sci Technol 50:79–88
Cai S, Wang Y, Zhao B et al (2017) The impact of the “air pollution prevention and control action
plan” on PM 2.5 concentrations in Jing-Jin-Ji region during 2012–2020. Sci Total Environ
580:197–209
Calvo A, Alves C, Castro A et al (2013) Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition:
past, current and emerging issues. Atmos Res 120:1–28
Cape J, Cornell S, Jickells T et al (2011) Organic nitrogen in the atmosphere – where does it come
from? A review of sources and methods. Atmos Res 102:30–48
Cermak J, Knutti R (2009) Beijing Olympics as an aerosol field experiment. Geophys Res Lett 36:
L10806
Chameides WL, Yu H, Liu SC et al (1999) Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and
regional haze on agriculture: an opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission
controls? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13626–13633
Chang D, Song Y, Liu B (2009) Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973–2007. Atmos Res
94:161–167
Che H, Zhang X, Li Y et al (2009) Haze trends over the capital cities of 31 provinces in China,
1981–2005. Theor Appl Climatol 97:235–242
Chen H, Wang M, Yao L et al (2017) Uptake of gaseous alkylamides by suspended sulfuric acid
particles: formation of ammonium/aminium salts. Environ Sci Technol 51:11710–11717
Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A et al (2014) Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric
particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). Sci Total Environ
472:248–261
Elm J, Passananti M, Kurten T et al (2017) Diamines can initiate new particle formation in the
atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 121:6155–6164
130
Y. Pan et al.
lack of in situ source characterization of δ
15
N-NH 3 in China limits its application.
Although the δ
15
N method can distinguish fossil fuel combustion from agricultural
sources, it cannot distinguish their subdivisions (e.g., coal-fired boiler, NH 3 escape and
vehicle exhaust, fertilizers, and animal husbandry) because the δ
15
N-NH 3 values of the
subdivisions overlap. Further field work and lab experiments are required to adequately characterize end-member isotopic signatures and the subsequent isotopic
fractionation process under different air pollution and meteorological conditions.
References
Almeida J, Schobesberger S, Kurten A et al (2013) Molecular understanding of sulphuric acidamine particle nucleation in the atmosphere. Nature 502:359–363
Apte JS, Marshall JD, Cohen AJ et al (2015) Addressing global mortality from ambient PM 2.5 .
Environ Sci Technol 49:8057–8066
Atkinson R (1990) Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: a review. Atmos
Environ 24:1–41
Bandyopadhyay B, Kumar P, Biswas P (2017) Ammonia catalyzed formation of sulfuric acid in
troposphere: the curious case of a base promoting acid rain. J Phys Chem A 121:3101–3108
Barnes I, Solignac G, Mellouki A et al (2010) Aspects of the atmospheric chemistry of amides.
ChemPhysChem 11:3844–3857
Boy M, Kulmala M, Ruuskanen TM et al (2005) Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to
nucleation mode particle growth. Atmos Chem Phys 5:863–878
Brauer M, Freedman G, Frostad J et al (2016) Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the
global burden of disease 2013. Environ Sci Technol 50:79–88
Cai S, Wang Y, Zhao B et al (2017) The impact of the “air pollution prevention and control action
plan” on PM 2.5 concentrations in Jing-Jin-Ji region during 2012–2020. Sci Total Environ
580:197–209
Calvo A, Alves C, Castro A et al (2013) Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition:
past, current and emerging issues. Atmos Res 120:1–28
Cape J, Cornell S, Jickells T et al (2011) Organic nitrogen in the atmosphere – where does it come
from? A review of sources and methods. Atmos Res 102:30–48
Cermak J, Knutti R (2009) Beijing Olympics as an aerosol field experiment. Geophys Res Lett 36:
L10806
Chameides WL, Yu H, Liu SC et al (1999) Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and
regional haze on agriculture: an opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission
controls? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13626–13633
Chang D, Song Y, Liu B (2009) Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973–2007. Atmos Res
94:161–167
Che H, Zhang X, Li Y et al (2009) Haze trends over the capital cities of 31 provinces in China,
1981–2005. Theor Appl Climatol 97:235–242
Chen H, Wang M, Yao L et al (2017) Uptake of gaseous alkylamides by suspended sulfuric acid
particles: formation of ammonium/aminium salts. Environ Sci Technol 51:11710–11717
Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A et al (2014) Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric
particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). Sci Total Environ
472:248–261
Elm J, Passananti M, Kurten T et al (2017) Diamines can initiate new particle formation in the
atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 121:6155–6164
130
Y. Pan et al.