EPA (2011) Reactive nitrogen in the United States: an analysis of inputs, flows, consequences, and
management options, US Environmental Protection Agency Science. Advisory Board Integrated Nitrogen Committee, Washington, DC
Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U et al (2013) The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century.
Philos Trans R Soc B 368(1621):20130164. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164
Foy BD, Lu Z, Streets DG (2016) Satellite NO 2 retrievals suggest China has exceeded its NO x
reduction goals from the twelfth five-year plan. Sci Rep 6:35912
FRCGC (2011) Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC). Available. URL. http://
www.jamstec.go.jp/frcgc/eng/. Accessed 10 Dec 2015
Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry 70(2):153–226
Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW et al (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent
trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320(5878):889–892. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1136674
Gu B, Zhu Y, Chang J et al (2011) The role of technology and policy in mitigating regional nitrogen
pollution. Environ Res Lett 6(1):14011
Gu B, Ge Y, Ren Y et al (2012) Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: sources, recent trends, and
damage costs. Environ Sci Technol 46(17):9420–9427
Gu BJ, Yang GF, Luo WD et al (2013) Rapid growth of industrial nitrogen fluxes in China: driving
forces and consequences. Sci China Earth Sci 56(4):662–670
Gu B, Sutton M, Chang S et al (2014a) Agricultural ammonia emissions contribute to China’s urban
air pollution. Front Ecol Environ 12(5):265–266
Gu D, Wang Y, Smeltzer C et al (2014b) Anthropogenic emissions of NOx over China: reconciling
the difference of inverse modeling results using GOME-2 and OMI measurements. J Geophys
Res 119(12):7732–7740
Gu B, Ju X, Chang J et al (2015) Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(28):8792–8797
Hou Y, Ma L, Gao ZL et al (2013) The driving forces for nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food
chain of China, 1980 to 2010. J Environ Qual 42(4):962–971
Hui H, Qi Y, Xi L et al (2010) Air pollution and control in different areas of China. Crit Rev
Environ Sci Technol 40(6):452–518
IIASA (2012) International institute for applied systems analysis. The online version of the GAINS
Model. Available. URL. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/
Ju X, Liu X, Zhang F et al (2004) Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policy
recommendations in several agricultural regions of China. Ambio 33(6):300–305
Ju X, Xing G, Chen X et al (2009) Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in
intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(9):3041
Kim I, Lee K, Gruber N et al (2014) Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen in the North Pacific Ocean.
Science 346(6213):1100–1102. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259369
Kulkarni MV, Groffman PM, Yavitt JB (2008) Solving the global nitrogen problem: it’s a gas.
Front Ecol Environ 6(4):199–206
Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases
over Asian regions during 2000–2008: regional emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version
2. Atmos Chem Phys 13(21):11019–11058. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013
Leach AM, Galloway JN, Bleeker A et al (2012) A nitrogen footprint model to help consumers
understand their role in nitrogen losses to the environment. Environ Dev 1(1):40–66
Liu J, You L, Amini M et al (2010) A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in
cropland. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(17):8035
Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W et al (2013) Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature 494
(7438):459–462. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11917
Liu L, Zhang X, Xu W et al (2017) Ground Ammonia concentrations over China derived from
satellite and atmospheric transport modeling. Remote Sens 9(5):467. https://doi.org/10.3390/
rs9050467
5 Reactive Nitrogen Budgets in China
107
management options, US Environmental Protection Agency Science. Advisory Board Integrated Nitrogen Committee, Washington, DC
Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U et al (2013) The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century.
Philos Trans R Soc B 368(1621):20130164. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164
Foy BD, Lu Z, Streets DG (2016) Satellite NO 2 retrievals suggest China has exceeded its NO x
reduction goals from the twelfth five-year plan. Sci Rep 6:35912
FRCGC (2011) Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC). Available. URL. http://
www.jamstec.go.jp/frcgc/eng/. Accessed 10 Dec 2015
Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry 70(2):153–226
Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW et al (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent
trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320(5878):889–892. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1136674
Gu B, Zhu Y, Chang J et al (2011) The role of technology and policy in mitigating regional nitrogen
pollution. Environ Res Lett 6(1):14011
Gu B, Ge Y, Ren Y et al (2012) Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: sources, recent trends, and
damage costs. Environ Sci Technol 46(17):9420–9427
Gu BJ, Yang GF, Luo WD et al (2013) Rapid growth of industrial nitrogen fluxes in China: driving
forces and consequences. Sci China Earth Sci 56(4):662–670
Gu B, Sutton M, Chang S et al (2014a) Agricultural ammonia emissions contribute to China’s urban
air pollution. Front Ecol Environ 12(5):265–266
Gu D, Wang Y, Smeltzer C et al (2014b) Anthropogenic emissions of NOx over China: reconciling
the difference of inverse modeling results using GOME-2 and OMI measurements. J Geophys
Res 119(12):7732–7740
Gu B, Ju X, Chang J et al (2015) Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(28):8792–8797
Hou Y, Ma L, Gao ZL et al (2013) The driving forces for nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food
chain of China, 1980 to 2010. J Environ Qual 42(4):962–971
Hui H, Qi Y, Xi L et al (2010) Air pollution and control in different areas of China. Crit Rev
Environ Sci Technol 40(6):452–518
IIASA (2012) International institute for applied systems analysis. The online version of the GAINS
Model. Available. URL. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/
Ju X, Liu X, Zhang F et al (2004) Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policy
recommendations in several agricultural regions of China. Ambio 33(6):300–305
Ju X, Xing G, Chen X et al (2009) Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in
intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(9):3041
Kim I, Lee K, Gruber N et al (2014) Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen in the North Pacific Ocean.
Science 346(6213):1100–1102. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259369
Kulkarni MV, Groffman PM, Yavitt JB (2008) Solving the global nitrogen problem: it’s a gas.
Front Ecol Environ 6(4):199–206
Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases
over Asian regions during 2000–2008: regional emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version
2. Atmos Chem Phys 13(21):11019–11058. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013
Leach AM, Galloway JN, Bleeker A et al (2012) A nitrogen footprint model to help consumers
understand their role in nitrogen losses to the environment. Environ Dev 1(1):40–66
Liu J, You L, Amini M et al (2010) A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in
cropland. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(17):8035
Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W et al (2013) Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature 494
(7438):459–462. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11917
Liu L, Zhang X, Xu W et al (2017) Ground Ammonia concentrations over China derived from
satellite and atmospheric transport modeling. Remote Sens 9(5):467. https://doi.org/10.3390/
rs9050467
5 Reactive Nitrogen Budgets in China
107