Recently, construction of the magnetic hybrid carbon platforms as cyclodextrinbearing materials for adsorption was studied widely. Because of the superparamagnetism of magnetic nanoparticles, the magnetic adsorbents (containing
Fe 3 O 4 [32, 33] or Fe NPs [34] in the structure) were found to increase recycling
ability with facilitating separation by external magnetic field. The presence of CD
units in the resultant adsorbent can be considered as a crucial key point to enhance
the stability of the material and to reduce the rate of the aggregation/agglomeration
process, together with triggering some desired effects toward binding the adsorbate,
such as inclusion complex formation.
15.2.3 Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Carbon Materials for Drug
Delivery
Carbon nanomaterials have also been studied as drug delivery systems (DDS). The
properties of CNMs, such as low toxicity, high surface area, and unique mechanical
and electrical properties, make CNMs promising drug or gene delivery vectors.
Incorporation of CD units into a CNMs nanoplatform is considered to enhance the
nanomaterial’s biological features, increase the number of drug molecules in the
structure, and improve the stability and hydrophilicity of the material. All these
features lay the basis for the design of effective DDS based on CD-conjugated CNMs.
In recent years, CNM-based targeted DDS with the inclusion of CDs has been
explored primarily for GO [35] and MWCNTs [36] via covalent or non-covalent
approaches. Their biocompatibility, dispersion stability, drug loading, and releasing
properties were mainly studied. It is noteworthy that several drugs as the model
drugs, like doxorubicin, [35] camptothecin [35], and guanine-based drugs [36], have
been investigated to explore the possibility of drug loading and releasing. This
means that the CD units incorporated into the CNMs retain their unique properties
toward the formation of inclusion complexes with therapeutics. Also, the release
profile of the drug was also studied, and controlled drug release at different pH
values was presented. These studies can be considered as the initial research works
on such systems toward their further bio-applications.
An emerging and still developing area of research in the field of nanomedicine is
the creation of targeted and control released DDS. This so-called active targeting is
achieved via incorporation of targeting ligands (TLs), such as antibodies or appropriate vitamins, into the structure of the nanomaterial [37]. The principle of targeted
delivery involves the selective binding of the therapeutic system to a specific
molecular target, such as tumor receptors. Active targeting was achieved via linking
the nanoplatform with folic acid (FA) [38, 39], hyaluronic acid (HA) [40, 41], biotin
[42], monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) [43], or nucleic acids [44]. In most cases,
doxorubicin (DOX) [38, 41, 45] was used as a model drug; however, the systems
for the delivery of camptothecin (CPT) [40], epirubicin (EPI) [45], or 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU) [46] were also studied. In general, for CD-conjugated carbon nanomaterials
DDS, the drug release behavior could be controlled by pH-dependent and photothermal stimulation. The host-guest interaction and hydrogen bonding between
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W. Liang and S. Shuang
Fe 3 O 4 [32, 33] or Fe NPs [34] in the structure) were found to increase recycling
ability with facilitating separation by external magnetic field. The presence of CD
units in the resultant adsorbent can be considered as a crucial key point to enhance
the stability of the material and to reduce the rate of the aggregation/agglomeration
process, together with triggering some desired effects toward binding the adsorbate,
such as inclusion complex formation.
15.2.3 Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Carbon Materials for Drug
Delivery
Carbon nanomaterials have also been studied as drug delivery systems (DDS). The
properties of CNMs, such as low toxicity, high surface area, and unique mechanical
and electrical properties, make CNMs promising drug or gene delivery vectors.
Incorporation of CD units into a CNMs nanoplatform is considered to enhance the
nanomaterial’s biological features, increase the number of drug molecules in the
structure, and improve the stability and hydrophilicity of the material. All these
features lay the basis for the design of effective DDS based on CD-conjugated CNMs.
In recent years, CNM-based targeted DDS with the inclusion of CDs has been
explored primarily for GO [35] and MWCNTs [36] via covalent or non-covalent
approaches. Their biocompatibility, dispersion stability, drug loading, and releasing
properties were mainly studied. It is noteworthy that several drugs as the model
drugs, like doxorubicin, [35] camptothecin [35], and guanine-based drugs [36], have
been investigated to explore the possibility of drug loading and releasing. This
means that the CD units incorporated into the CNMs retain their unique properties
toward the formation of inclusion complexes with therapeutics. Also, the release
profile of the drug was also studied, and controlled drug release at different pH
values was presented. These studies can be considered as the initial research works
on such systems toward their further bio-applications.
An emerging and still developing area of research in the field of nanomedicine is
the creation of targeted and control released DDS. This so-called active targeting is
achieved via incorporation of targeting ligands (TLs), such as antibodies or appropriate vitamins, into the structure of the nanomaterial [37]. The principle of targeted
delivery involves the selective binding of the therapeutic system to a specific
molecular target, such as tumor receptors. Active targeting was achieved via linking
the nanoplatform with folic acid (FA) [38, 39], hyaluronic acid (HA) [40, 41], biotin
[42], monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) [43], or nucleic acids [44]. In most cases,
doxorubicin (DOX) [38, 41, 45] was used as a model drug; however, the systems
for the delivery of camptothecin (CPT) [40], epirubicin (EPI) [45], or 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU) [46] were also studied. In general, for CD-conjugated carbon nanomaterials
DDS, the drug release behavior could be controlled by pH-dependent and photothermal stimulation. The host-guest interaction and hydrogen bonding between
432
W. Liang and S. Shuang