4. (a) Wang QC, Qu DH, Ren J, Chen K, Tian H (2004) A lockable light-driven molecular shuttle
with a fluorescent signal. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:2661–2665; (b) Qu DH, Wang QC, Tian H
(2005) A half adder based on a photochemically driven [2] rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed
44:5296–5299; (c) Qu DH, Ji FY, Wang QC, Tian H (2006) A double INHIBIT logic gate
employing configuration and fluorescence changes. Adv Mater 18:2035–2038; (d) Wenz G,
Han BH, Müller A (2006) Cyclodextrin rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes. Chem Rev 106:782–817
5. (a) Kim K (2002) Mechanically interlocked molecules incorporating cucurbituril and their
supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 31:96–107; (b) Lee JW, Samal S, Selvapalam N,
Kim HJ, Kim K (2003) Acc Chem Res 36:621–630; (c) Tuncel D, Özsar Ö, Tiftik HB, Salih B
(2007) Chem Commun 1369–1371
6. (a) Zhang CJ, Li SJ, Zhang JQ, Zhu KL, Li N, Huang F (2007) Benzo-21-crown-7/secondary
dialkylammonium salt [2]pseudorotaxane- and [2]rotaxane-type threaded structures. Org Lett
9:5553–5556; (b) Zheng B, Zhang M, Dong S, Liu J, Huang F (2012) A benzo-21-crown-7/
secondary ammonium salt [c2]daisy chain. Org Lett 14:306–309; (c) Yan X, Wu X, Wei P,
Zhang M, Huang F (2012) A chemical-responsive bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10/2,7diazapyrenium salt [2]pseudorotaxane. Chem Commun 48:8201–8203; (d) Clavel C,
Romuald C, Brabet E, Coutrot F (2013) A pH-sensitive lasso-based rotaxane molecular switch.
Chem Eur J 19:2982–2989; (e) Ma YX, Meng Z, Chen CF (2014) A novel pentiptycene bis
(crown ether)-based [2](2)rotaxane whose two DB24C8 rings act as flapping wings of a
butterfly. Org Lett 16:1860–1863; (f) Han Y, Meng Z, Ma YX, Chen CF (2014) Iptycenederived crown ether hosts for molecular recognition and self-assembly. Acc Chem Res
47:2026–2040; (g) Meng Z, Cheng CF (2015) A molecular pulley based on a triply interlocked
[2] rotaxane. Chem Commun 51:8241–8244
7. (a) Zhang Z, Luo Y, Chen J, Dong S, Yu Y, Ma Z, Huang F (2011) Formation of linear
supramolecular polymers that is driven by C-H . . . π interactions in solution and in the solid
state. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1397–1401; (b) Ke C, Strutt NL, Li H, Hou X, Hartlieb KJ,
McGonigal PR, Ma Z, Iehl J, Stern CL, Cheng C, Zhu Z, Vermeulen NA, Meade TJ, Botros YY,
Stoddart JF (2013) Pillar [5] arene as a co-factor in templating rotaxane formation. J Am Chem
Soc 135:17019–17030; (c) Dong S, Yuan J, Huang F (2014) A pillar [5] arene/imidazolium [2]
rotaxane: solvent-and thermo-driven molecular motions and supramolecular gel formation.
Chem Sci 5:247–252
8. (a) Trabolsi A, Khashab N, Fahrenbach AC, Friedman DC, Colvin MT, Cotí KK, Benitez D,
Tkatchouk E, Olsen JC, Belowich ME, Carmielli R, Khatib HA, Goddard WA III, Wasielewski
MR, Stoddart JF (2010) Radically enhanced molecular recognition. Nat Chem 2:42–49;
(b) Li H, Fahrenbach AC, Coskun A, Zhu Z, Barin G, Zhao Y, Botros YY, Sauvage JP, Stoddart
JF (2011) A light-stimulated molecular switch driven by radical–radical interactions in water.
Angew Chem Int Ed 50:6782–6788; (c) Li H, Zhu Z, Fahrenbach AC, Savoie BM, Ke C,
Barnes JC, Lei J, Zhao Y-L, Lilley LM, Marks TJ, Ratner MA, Stoddart JF (2013) Mechanical
bond-induced radical stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 135:456–467; (d) Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu
WG, Sun J, Wu Y, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA III, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF
(2016) Oligorotaxane radicals under orders. ACS Cent Sci 2:89–98
9. (a) Ahmed R, Altieri A, D’Souza DM, Leigh DA, Mullen KM, Papmeyer M, Slawin AMZ,
Wong JKY, Woollins JD (2011) Phosphorus-based functional groups as hydrogen bonding
templates for rotaxane formation. J Am Chem Soc 133:12304–12310; (b) Altieri A, Aucagne V,
Carrillo R, Clarkson GJ, D’Souza DM, Dunnett JA, Leigh DA, Mullen KM (2011) Sulfurcontaining amide-based [2] rotaxanes and molecular shuttles. Chem Sci 2:1922–1928;
(c) Panman MR, Bakker BH, den Uyl D, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Buma WJ, Brouwer AM,
Geenevasen JAJ, Woutersen S (2013) Water lubricates hydrogen-bonded molecular machines.
Nat Chem 5:929–934
10. (a) Ma X, Qu D, Ji F, Wang Q, Zhu L, Xu Y, Tian H (2007) A light-driven [1] rotaxane via selfcomplementary and Suzuki-coupling capping. Chem Commun 1409–1411; (b) Xue Z, Meyer
MF (2010) Actuator prototype: capture and release of a self-entangled [1] rotaxane. J Am Chem
Soc 132:3274–3276; (c) Miyawaki A, Kuad P, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A (2008)
304
C.-X. Zhao et al.
with a fluorescent signal. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:2661–2665; (b) Qu DH, Wang QC, Tian H
(2005) A half adder based on a photochemically driven [2] rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed
44:5296–5299; (c) Qu DH, Ji FY, Wang QC, Tian H (2006) A double INHIBIT logic gate
employing configuration and fluorescence changes. Adv Mater 18:2035–2038; (d) Wenz G,
Han BH, Müller A (2006) Cyclodextrin rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes. Chem Rev 106:782–817
5. (a) Kim K (2002) Mechanically interlocked molecules incorporating cucurbituril and their
supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 31:96–107; (b) Lee JW, Samal S, Selvapalam N,
Kim HJ, Kim K (2003) Acc Chem Res 36:621–630; (c) Tuncel D, Özsar Ö, Tiftik HB, Salih B
(2007) Chem Commun 1369–1371
6. (a) Zhang CJ, Li SJ, Zhang JQ, Zhu KL, Li N, Huang F (2007) Benzo-21-crown-7/secondary
dialkylammonium salt [2]pseudorotaxane- and [2]rotaxane-type threaded structures. Org Lett
9:5553–5556; (b) Zheng B, Zhang M, Dong S, Liu J, Huang F (2012) A benzo-21-crown-7/
secondary ammonium salt [c2]daisy chain. Org Lett 14:306–309; (c) Yan X, Wu X, Wei P,
Zhang M, Huang F (2012) A chemical-responsive bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10/2,7diazapyrenium salt [2]pseudorotaxane. Chem Commun 48:8201–8203; (d) Clavel C,
Romuald C, Brabet E, Coutrot F (2013) A pH-sensitive lasso-based rotaxane molecular switch.
Chem Eur J 19:2982–2989; (e) Ma YX, Meng Z, Chen CF (2014) A novel pentiptycene bis
(crown ether)-based [2](2)rotaxane whose two DB24C8 rings act as flapping wings of a
butterfly. Org Lett 16:1860–1863; (f) Han Y, Meng Z, Ma YX, Chen CF (2014) Iptycenederived crown ether hosts for molecular recognition and self-assembly. Acc Chem Res
47:2026–2040; (g) Meng Z, Cheng CF (2015) A molecular pulley based on a triply interlocked
[2] rotaxane. Chem Commun 51:8241–8244
7. (a) Zhang Z, Luo Y, Chen J, Dong S, Yu Y, Ma Z, Huang F (2011) Formation of linear
supramolecular polymers that is driven by C-H . . . π interactions in solution and in the solid
state. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1397–1401; (b) Ke C, Strutt NL, Li H, Hou X, Hartlieb KJ,
McGonigal PR, Ma Z, Iehl J, Stern CL, Cheng C, Zhu Z, Vermeulen NA, Meade TJ, Botros YY,
Stoddart JF (2013) Pillar [5] arene as a co-factor in templating rotaxane formation. J Am Chem
Soc 135:17019–17030; (c) Dong S, Yuan J, Huang F (2014) A pillar [5] arene/imidazolium [2]
rotaxane: solvent-and thermo-driven molecular motions and supramolecular gel formation.
Chem Sci 5:247–252
8. (a) Trabolsi A, Khashab N, Fahrenbach AC, Friedman DC, Colvin MT, Cotí KK, Benitez D,
Tkatchouk E, Olsen JC, Belowich ME, Carmielli R, Khatib HA, Goddard WA III, Wasielewski
MR, Stoddart JF (2010) Radically enhanced molecular recognition. Nat Chem 2:42–49;
(b) Li H, Fahrenbach AC, Coskun A, Zhu Z, Barin G, Zhao Y, Botros YY, Sauvage JP, Stoddart
JF (2011) A light-stimulated molecular switch driven by radical–radical interactions in water.
Angew Chem Int Ed 50:6782–6788; (c) Li H, Zhu Z, Fahrenbach AC, Savoie BM, Ke C,
Barnes JC, Lei J, Zhao Y-L, Lilley LM, Marks TJ, Ratner MA, Stoddart JF (2013) Mechanical
bond-induced radical stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 135:456–467; (d) Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu
WG, Sun J, Wu Y, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA III, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF
(2016) Oligorotaxane radicals under orders. ACS Cent Sci 2:89–98
9. (a) Ahmed R, Altieri A, D’Souza DM, Leigh DA, Mullen KM, Papmeyer M, Slawin AMZ,
Wong JKY, Woollins JD (2011) Phosphorus-based functional groups as hydrogen bonding
templates for rotaxane formation. J Am Chem Soc 133:12304–12310; (b) Altieri A, Aucagne V,
Carrillo R, Clarkson GJ, D’Souza DM, Dunnett JA, Leigh DA, Mullen KM (2011) Sulfurcontaining amide-based [2] rotaxanes and molecular shuttles. Chem Sci 2:1922–1928;
(c) Panman MR, Bakker BH, den Uyl D, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Buma WJ, Brouwer AM,
Geenevasen JAJ, Woutersen S (2013) Water lubricates hydrogen-bonded molecular machines.
Nat Chem 5:929–934
10. (a) Ma X, Qu D, Ji F, Wang Q, Zhu L, Xu Y, Tian H (2007) A light-driven [1] rotaxane via selfcomplementary and Suzuki-coupling capping. Chem Commun 1409–1411; (b) Xue Z, Meyer
MF (2010) Actuator prototype: capture and release of a self-entangled [1] rotaxane. J Am Chem
Soc 132:3274–3276; (c) Miyawaki A, Kuad P, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A (2008)
304
C.-X. Zhao et al.