promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) [11]. Para-Sulfonato-calix[4]arene was proved to
be non-cytotoxic, according to the MTT test results of the human ovarian cancer
cell line A2780 and the corresponding cisplatin-resistant subline A2780cis [12]. In
the study of calixarene hemolysis, para-sulfonato-calix[4]arene and its derivatives
did not cause hemolysis even at concentrations up to 200 mM. Para-Sulfonatocalix[6]arene and para-sulfonato-calix[8]arene relative to para-sulfonato-calix[4]
arene were enhanced hemolytic effects at the same concentration. But for all
sulfonated calixarenes at lower concentrations, this effect was greatly reduced
[13]. No hemolytic effects were observed for solid lipid nanoparticles derived
from a series of amphiphilic calixarenes [14]. In immunization, three above parasulfonato-calixarenes also did not show activation of neutrophils even at relatively
high concentrations, suggesting that these molecules did not induce an immune
response [15].
Overall, most of the calixarene derivatives show low or no toxicity in vitro and in
vivo, further increasing their attractiveness in the field of supramolecular medicine
applications. However, it is important to note that there are still many calixarene
derivatives that need to be assessed for their toxicity or immunological responses.
8.5
Calixarenes for Biosensing
Sensing biomolecules are critical for early screening diseases and accurate diagnosis.
In general, generalized biomolecules are substances found in blood, urine, stool,
or tissues of patients with diseases. These substances are generally metal ions,
small molecule compounds, proteins, RNA, etc. Various sensing systems based
on calixarene have been applied to the identification of various biomolecules, and
Fig. 3 Examples of calixarene functionalization
206
J. Gao and D.-S. Guo
be non-cytotoxic, according to the MTT test results of the human ovarian cancer
cell line A2780 and the corresponding cisplatin-resistant subline A2780cis [12]. In
the study of calixarene hemolysis, para-sulfonato-calix[4]arene and its derivatives
did not cause hemolysis even at concentrations up to 200 mM. Para-Sulfonatocalix[6]arene and para-sulfonato-calix[8]arene relative to para-sulfonato-calix[4]
arene were enhanced hemolytic effects at the same concentration. But for all
sulfonated calixarenes at lower concentrations, this effect was greatly reduced
[13]. No hemolytic effects were observed for solid lipid nanoparticles derived
from a series of amphiphilic calixarenes [14]. In immunization, three above parasulfonato-calixarenes also did not show activation of neutrophils even at relatively
high concentrations, suggesting that these molecules did not induce an immune
response [15].
Overall, most of the calixarene derivatives show low or no toxicity in vitro and in
vivo, further increasing their attractiveness in the field of supramolecular medicine
applications. However, it is important to note that there are still many calixarene
derivatives that need to be assessed for their toxicity or immunological responses.
8.5
Calixarenes for Biosensing
Sensing biomolecules are critical for early screening diseases and accurate diagnosis.
In general, generalized biomolecules are substances found in blood, urine, stool,
or tissues of patients with diseases. These substances are generally metal ions,
small molecule compounds, proteins, RNA, etc. Various sensing systems based
on calixarene have been applied to the identification of various biomolecules, and
Fig. 3 Examples of calixarene functionalization
206
J. Gao and D.-S. Guo