5. Frisch HL, Wasserman E (1961) Chemical topology1. J Am Chem Soc 83:3789–3795
6. Dietrich-Buchecker CO, Sauvage JP, Kintzinger JP (1983) Une nouvelle famille de molecules:
Les metallo-catenanes. Tetrahedron Lett 24:5095–5098
7. Hubin TJ, Busch DH (2000) Template routes to interlocked molecular structures and orderly
molecular entanglements. Coord Chem Rev 200–202:5–52
8. Reuter C, Mohry A, Sobanski A, Vögtle F (2000) [1]rotaxanes and pretzelanes: synthesis,
chirality, and absolute configuration. Chem Eur J 6:1674–1682
9. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Boyd SE, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, Gómez-López M,
Iqbal S, Philp D, Preece JA, Prodi L, Ricketts HG, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, Venturi M,
Venturi M, White AJP, Williams DJ (1997) Simple mechanical molecular and supramolecular
machines: photochemical and electrochemical control of switching processes. Chem Eur J
3:152–170
10. Ashton PR, Gómez-López M, Iqbal S, Preece JA, Stoddart JF (1997) A self-complexing
macrocycle acting as a chromophoric receptor. Tetrahedron Lett 38:3635–3638
11. Liu Y, Flood AH, Moskowitz RM, Stoddart JF (2005) Versatile self-complexing compounds
based on covalently linked donor–acceptor cyclophanes. Chem Eur J 11:369–385
12. Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF (2017) Radically promoted formation
of a molecular lasso. Chem Sci 8:2562–2568
13. Brøndsted Nielsen M, Becher J (1998) ‘Self-complexing’ tetrathiafulvalene macrocycles;
a tetrathiafulvalene switch. Chem Commun 475–476
14. Brøndsted Nielsen M, Hansen JG, Becher J (1999) Self-complexing tetrathiafulvalene-based
donor–acceptor macrocycles. Eur J Org Chem 1999:2807–2815
15. Cooke G, Woisel P, Bria M, Delattre F, Garety JF, Hewage SG, Rabani G, Rosair GM (2006)
A tuneable self-complexing molecular switch. Org Lett 8:1423–1426
16. Hooley RJ, Rebek (2007) Self-complexed deep cavitands: alkyl chains coil into a nearby cavity.
Org Lett 9:1179–1182
17. Du X-S, Wang C-Y, Jia Q, Deng R, Tian H-S, Zhang H-Y, Meguellati K, Yang Y-W (2017)
Pillar[5]arene-based [1]rotaxane: high-yield synthesis, characterization and application in
knoevenagel reaction. Chem Commun 53:5326–5329
18. Balzani V, Ceroni P, Credi A, Gómez-López M, Hamers C, Fraser Stoddart J, Wolf R (2001)
Controlled dethreading/rethreading of a scorpion-like pseudorotaxane and a related macrobicyclic self-complexing system. New J Chem 25:25–31
19. Hiratani K, Kaneyama M, Nagawa Y, Koyama E, Kanesato M (2004) Synthesis of [1]rotaxane
via covalent bond formation and its unique fluorescent response by energy transfer in the
presence of lithium ion. J Am Chem Soc 126:13568–13569
20. Qu D-H, Feringa BL (2010) Controlling molecular rotary motion with a self-complexing
lock. Angew Chem 122:1125–1128
21. Li H, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhang Q-W, Qu D-H (2012) A switchable ferrocene-based [1]
rotaxane with an electrochemical signal output. Org Lett 14:5900–5903
22. Li H, Zhang J-N, Zhou W, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Qu D-H, Tian H (2013) Dual-mode operation
of a bistable [1]rotaxane with a fluorescence signal. Org Lett 15:3070–3073
23. Li H, Li X, Ågren H, Qu D-H (2014) Two switchable star-shaped [1](n)rotaxanes with
different multibranched cores. Org Lett 16:4940–4943
24. Waelès P, Clavel C, Fournel-Marotte K, Coutrot F (2015) Synthesis of triazolium-based monoand tris-branched [1]rotaxanes using a molecular transporter of dibenzo-24-crown-8.
Chem Sci 6:4828–4836
25. Xue Z, Mayer MF (2010) Actuator prototype: capture and release of a self-entangled [1]
rotaxane. J Am Chem Soc 132:3274–3276
26. Ogawa T, Usuki N, Nakazono K, Koyama Y, Takata T (2015) Linear–cyclic polymer structural
transformation and its reversible control using a rational rotaxane strategy. Chem Commun
51:5606–5609
27. Onagi H, Blake CJ, Easton CJ, Lincoln SF (2003) Installation of a ratchet tooth and pawl to
restrict rotation in a cyclodextrin rotaxane. Chem Eur J 9:5978–5988
4 Mechanically Self-Locked Molecules
105
6. Dietrich-Buchecker CO, Sauvage JP, Kintzinger JP (1983) Une nouvelle famille de molecules:
Les metallo-catenanes. Tetrahedron Lett 24:5095–5098
7. Hubin TJ, Busch DH (2000) Template routes to interlocked molecular structures and orderly
molecular entanglements. Coord Chem Rev 200–202:5–52
8. Reuter C, Mohry A, Sobanski A, Vögtle F (2000) [1]rotaxanes and pretzelanes: synthesis,
chirality, and absolute configuration. Chem Eur J 6:1674–1682
9. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Boyd SE, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, Gómez-López M,
Iqbal S, Philp D, Preece JA, Prodi L, Ricketts HG, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, Venturi M,
Venturi M, White AJP, Williams DJ (1997) Simple mechanical molecular and supramolecular
machines: photochemical and electrochemical control of switching processes. Chem Eur J
3:152–170
10. Ashton PR, Gómez-López M, Iqbal S, Preece JA, Stoddart JF (1997) A self-complexing
macrocycle acting as a chromophoric receptor. Tetrahedron Lett 38:3635–3638
11. Liu Y, Flood AH, Moskowitz RM, Stoddart JF (2005) Versatile self-complexing compounds
based on covalently linked donor–acceptor cyclophanes. Chem Eur J 11:369–385
12. Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF (2017) Radically promoted formation
of a molecular lasso. Chem Sci 8:2562–2568
13. Brøndsted Nielsen M, Becher J (1998) ‘Self-complexing’ tetrathiafulvalene macrocycles;
a tetrathiafulvalene switch. Chem Commun 475–476
14. Brøndsted Nielsen M, Hansen JG, Becher J (1999) Self-complexing tetrathiafulvalene-based
donor–acceptor macrocycles. Eur J Org Chem 1999:2807–2815
15. Cooke G, Woisel P, Bria M, Delattre F, Garety JF, Hewage SG, Rabani G, Rosair GM (2006)
A tuneable self-complexing molecular switch. Org Lett 8:1423–1426
16. Hooley RJ, Rebek (2007) Self-complexed deep cavitands: alkyl chains coil into a nearby cavity.
Org Lett 9:1179–1182
17. Du X-S, Wang C-Y, Jia Q, Deng R, Tian H-S, Zhang H-Y, Meguellati K, Yang Y-W (2017)
Pillar[5]arene-based [1]rotaxane: high-yield synthesis, characterization and application in
knoevenagel reaction. Chem Commun 53:5326–5329
18. Balzani V, Ceroni P, Credi A, Gómez-López M, Hamers C, Fraser Stoddart J, Wolf R (2001)
Controlled dethreading/rethreading of a scorpion-like pseudorotaxane and a related macrobicyclic self-complexing system. New J Chem 25:25–31
19. Hiratani K, Kaneyama M, Nagawa Y, Koyama E, Kanesato M (2004) Synthesis of [1]rotaxane
via covalent bond formation and its unique fluorescent response by energy transfer in the
presence of lithium ion. J Am Chem Soc 126:13568–13569
20. Qu D-H, Feringa BL (2010) Controlling molecular rotary motion with a self-complexing
lock. Angew Chem 122:1125–1128
21. Li H, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhang Q-W, Qu D-H (2012) A switchable ferrocene-based [1]
rotaxane with an electrochemical signal output. Org Lett 14:5900–5903
22. Li H, Zhang J-N, Zhou W, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Qu D-H, Tian H (2013) Dual-mode operation
of a bistable [1]rotaxane with a fluorescence signal. Org Lett 15:3070–3073
23. Li H, Li X, Ågren H, Qu D-H (2014) Two switchable star-shaped [1](n)rotaxanes with
different multibranched cores. Org Lett 16:4940–4943
24. Waelès P, Clavel C, Fournel-Marotte K, Coutrot F (2015) Synthesis of triazolium-based monoand tris-branched [1]rotaxanes using a molecular transporter of dibenzo-24-crown-8.
Chem Sci 6:4828–4836
25. Xue Z, Mayer MF (2010) Actuator prototype: capture and release of a self-entangled [1]
rotaxane. J Am Chem Soc 132:3274–3276
26. Ogawa T, Usuki N, Nakazono K, Koyama Y, Takata T (2015) Linear–cyclic polymer structural
transformation and its reversible control using a rational rotaxane strategy. Chem Commun
51:5606–5609
27. Onagi H, Blake CJ, Easton CJ, Lincoln SF (2003) Installation of a ratchet tooth and pawl to
restrict rotation in a cyclodextrin rotaxane. Chem Eur J 9:5978–5988
4 Mechanically Self-Locked Molecules
105