619
approaches in a bid to reduce vulnerability of poor smallholder livestock producers.
For proper planning, governments should establish drought forecasting and early
warning systems, including routine monitoring of livestock conditions.
In order to mitigate against emission of greenhouse gases, several options that
address adoption constraints, costs, and numerous trade-offs should be considered
(Herrero et al. 2016). First, there is need to consider dietary change by reducing
demand for livestock products, which could reduce pressures on land and natural
resources in developing countries, which in turn helps to reduce GHG emissions
(Thornton et al. 2011). Low amounts of animal source foods, in combination with a
diversity of plant-based foods, has been linked to healthy diets (Willett et al. 2019).
There is also a need to adopt rapid implementation of agricultural mitigation options
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adoption of land management practices that
shift agriculture from a carbon source to sink, and a fundamental shift in production
priorities. For livestock, these options include improved formulation and efficiency
of ruminant diets combined with livestock numbers to help mitigate emission of
methane. Reduction of numbers of livestock entails switching to use of animals that
are more productive. Switching from ruminants to monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs could also reduce methane emissions. The foregoing suggest that mitigation of GHG emissions requires interventions that reduce demand hence consumption
of livestock products, sustainably intensify livestock production, promote carbon
sequestration in rangelands and reduce emissions from manures. However, moderating consumption of livestock products, avoidance of negative impacts on livelihoods,
economic activities and the environment, and increasing affordability and adoption
of mitigation practices require further research and investments (Herrero et al. 2016).
6 Transformative and Transgressive Approaches
Education promotes and enhances awareness of personal transformation that is relevant for various arenas of development including agriculture. Our current framing of
the agriculture and climate-related problem is not adequate because such framing
does not address awareness of actual growers on the ground. The farming communities are separated practically, cognitively, and emotionally from the framing and their
understanding of climate change and associated impacts on agriculture. To counter
this, the concept of personal transformation is increasingly useful while advocating
individual and systemic change relevant for agriculture and climate change.
7 Research and Development Priorities and Emerging Issues
Climate change is one of the key factors impinging on the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially SDGs 1, 2, 3, and 6. It is, therefore,
important to ensure that climate change-related issues are addressed in a holistic
Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities
approaches in a bid to reduce vulnerability of poor smallholder livestock producers.
For proper planning, governments should establish drought forecasting and early
warning systems, including routine monitoring of livestock conditions.
In order to mitigate against emission of greenhouse gases, several options that
address adoption constraints, costs, and numerous trade-offs should be considered
(Herrero et al. 2016). First, there is need to consider dietary change by reducing
demand for livestock products, which could reduce pressures on land and natural
resources in developing countries, which in turn helps to reduce GHG emissions
(Thornton et al. 2011). Low amounts of animal source foods, in combination with a
diversity of plant-based foods, has been linked to healthy diets (Willett et al. 2019).
There is also a need to adopt rapid implementation of agricultural mitigation options
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adoption of land management practices that
shift agriculture from a carbon source to sink, and a fundamental shift in production
priorities. For livestock, these options include improved formulation and efficiency
of ruminant diets combined with livestock numbers to help mitigate emission of
methane. Reduction of numbers of livestock entails switching to use of animals that
are more productive. Switching from ruminants to monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs could also reduce methane emissions. The foregoing suggest that mitigation of GHG emissions requires interventions that reduce demand hence consumption
of livestock products, sustainably intensify livestock production, promote carbon
sequestration in rangelands and reduce emissions from manures. However, moderating consumption of livestock products, avoidance of negative impacts on livelihoods,
economic activities and the environment, and increasing affordability and adoption
of mitigation practices require further research and investments (Herrero et al. 2016).
6 Transformative and Transgressive Approaches
Education promotes and enhances awareness of personal transformation that is relevant for various arenas of development including agriculture. Our current framing of
the agriculture and climate-related problem is not adequate because such framing
does not address awareness of actual growers on the ground. The farming communities are separated practically, cognitively, and emotionally from the framing and their
understanding of climate change and associated impacts on agriculture. To counter
this, the concept of personal transformation is increasingly useful while advocating
individual and systemic change relevant for agriculture and climate change.
7 Research and Development Priorities and Emerging Issues
Climate change is one of the key factors impinging on the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially SDGs 1, 2, 3, and 6. It is, therefore,
important to ensure that climate change-related issues are addressed in a holistic
Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities