256
Table 3 Least square means (±SE) for fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of
minced meat (MM) from castrated male SEA × Norwegian crossbred goats
T0
T33
T66
T100
SE
P
Fatty acid
Structure
% of total fatty acids
Capric
C10:0
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.01 NS
Lauric
C12:0
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.02 NS
Myristic
C14:0
2.44
1.93
2.50
2.71
0.22 NS
Myristoleic
C14:1n5
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.02 NS
Pentadecanoic
C15:0
0.73
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.05 NS
Palmitic
C16:0
20.50
19.33
21.50
21.02
1.11 NS
Palmitoleic
C16:1n7
1.27
a
0.90
b
0.93
b
0.91
b
0.05 ∗∗∗
Margaric
C17:0
0.84
bc
0.80
c
1.23
a
1.35
a
0.11 ∗∗
Stearic
C18:0
23.73
ab
26.28
a
21.57
bc
19.30
c
1.00 ∗∗∗
cis-Vaccenic
C18:1n7
0.80
a
0.61
b
0.75
a
0.81
a
0.04 ∗
trans-Vaccenic
C18:1n7t
0.34
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.03 NS
Oleic
C18:1n9
26.51
c
26.80
bc
34.56
a
36.20
a
1.30 ∗∗∗
Elaidic
C18:1n9t
0.44
1.20
0.50
0.51
0.30 NS
Trans-7-octadecenoic
C18:1 t7
2.30
b
3.44
a
3.55
a
3.20
a
0.23 ∗
Linoleic
C18:2n6
4.16
a
3.00
b
3.60
ab
3.91
a
0.30 ∗
Rumenic
C18:2c9t11
0.62
c
0.65
bc
1.52
a
1.58
a
0.08 ∗∗∗
Linolenic
C18:3n3
0.56
a
0.22
b
0.20
b
0.18
b
0.03 ∗∗∗
Eicosanoic
C20:0
0.42
a
0.15
b
0.10
b
0.10
b
0.03 ∗∗∗
Gondoic
C20:1n9
0.10
a
0.02
b
0.02
b
0.02
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Eicosatrienoic
C20:3n3
3.91
a
0.52
b
0.47
b
0.62
b
0.10 ∗∗∗
Arachidonic
C20:4n6
0.20
a
0.04
b
0.03
b
0.03
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Eicosapentaenoic
C20:5n3
0.53
a
0.04
b
0.03
b
0.03
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Docosapentaenoic
C22:5n3
1.30
a
0.17
b
0.12
b
0.10
b
0.10 ∗∗∗
Docosahexaenoic
C22:6n3
0.16
a
0.02
b
0.01
b
0.02
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Total saturated
SFA
53.00
51.80
50.42
48.03
2.00 NS
Total unsaturated
UFA
43.31
bc
40.21
c
49.30
a
51.43
a
1.38 ∗∗∗
Total monounsaturated MUFA
31.36
c
35.20
bc
43.00
a
44.61
a
1.34 ∗∗∗
Total polyunsaturated
PUFA
11.95
a
5.00
b
6.32
b
6.82
b
1.00 ∗∗∗
Total desirable
DFA
67.04
66.50
71.00
70.72
1.50 †
Total trans
t-MUFA
2.85
b
6.25
a
5.80
a
5.70
a
0.81 ∗
Total n-6
n-6
4.74
a
3.07
b
3.64
b
4.00
ab
0.34 ∗
Total n-3
n-3
6.43
a
1.03
b
0.80
b
0.82
b
0.63 ∗∗∗
Ratio (n-6:n-3)
n-6:n-3
0.96
c
3.32
bc
4.68
ab
6.11
a
0.84 ∗∗
SEA Small East African, t-MUFA sum of trans isomers (∑ C18:1 trans
4–16 ). T0, T33, T66 and T100
refer to zero, 33%, 66% and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance, respectively.
a,b,c
Least square means in the same row lacking a common letter differ (P < 0.05). ∗, ∗∗ and
∗∗∗ = P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. † = P < 0.1. NS not significant, SE standard error of
the mean
D. E. Mushi and L. O. Eik
Table 3 Least square means (±SE) for fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of
minced meat (MM) from castrated male SEA × Norwegian crossbred goats
T0
T33
T66
T100
SE
P
Fatty acid
Structure
% of total fatty acids
Capric
C10:0
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.01 NS
Lauric
C12:0
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.02 NS
Myristic
C14:0
2.44
1.93
2.50
2.71
0.22 NS
Myristoleic
C14:1n5
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.02 NS
Pentadecanoic
C15:0
0.73
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.05 NS
Palmitic
C16:0
20.50
19.33
21.50
21.02
1.11 NS
Palmitoleic
C16:1n7
1.27
a
0.90
b
0.93
b
0.91
b
0.05 ∗∗∗
Margaric
C17:0
0.84
bc
0.80
c
1.23
a
1.35
a
0.11 ∗∗
Stearic
C18:0
23.73
ab
26.28
a
21.57
bc
19.30
c
1.00 ∗∗∗
cis-Vaccenic
C18:1n7
0.80
a
0.61
b
0.75
a
0.81
a
0.04 ∗
trans-Vaccenic
C18:1n7t
0.34
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.03 NS
Oleic
C18:1n9
26.51
c
26.80
bc
34.56
a
36.20
a
1.30 ∗∗∗
Elaidic
C18:1n9t
0.44
1.20
0.50
0.51
0.30 NS
Trans-7-octadecenoic
C18:1 t7
2.30
b
3.44
a
3.55
a
3.20
a
0.23 ∗
Linoleic
C18:2n6
4.16
a
3.00
b
3.60
ab
3.91
a
0.30 ∗
Rumenic
C18:2c9t11
0.62
c
0.65
bc
1.52
a
1.58
a
0.08 ∗∗∗
Linolenic
C18:3n3
0.56
a
0.22
b
0.20
b
0.18
b
0.03 ∗∗∗
Eicosanoic
C20:0
0.42
a
0.15
b
0.10
b
0.10
b
0.03 ∗∗∗
Gondoic
C20:1n9
0.10
a
0.02
b
0.02
b
0.02
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Eicosatrienoic
C20:3n3
3.91
a
0.52
b
0.47
b
0.62
b
0.10 ∗∗∗
Arachidonic
C20:4n6
0.20
a
0.04
b
0.03
b
0.03
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Eicosapentaenoic
C20:5n3
0.53
a
0.04
b
0.03
b
0.03
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Docosapentaenoic
C22:5n3
1.30
a
0.17
b
0.12
b
0.10
b
0.10 ∗∗∗
Docosahexaenoic
C22:6n3
0.16
a
0.02
b
0.01
b
0.02
b
0.01 ∗∗∗
Total saturated
SFA
53.00
51.80
50.42
48.03
2.00 NS
Total unsaturated
UFA
43.31
bc
40.21
c
49.30
a
51.43
a
1.38 ∗∗∗
Total monounsaturated MUFA
31.36
c
35.20
bc
43.00
a
44.61
a
1.34 ∗∗∗
Total polyunsaturated
PUFA
11.95
a
5.00
b
6.32
b
6.82
b
1.00 ∗∗∗
Total desirable
DFA
67.04
66.50
71.00
70.72
1.50 †
Total trans
t-MUFA
2.85
b
6.25
a
5.80
a
5.70
a
0.81 ∗
Total n-6
n-6
4.74
a
3.07
b
3.64
b
4.00
ab
0.34 ∗
Total n-3
n-3
6.43
a
1.03
b
0.80
b
0.82
b
0.63 ∗∗∗
Ratio (n-6:n-3)
n-6:n-3
0.96
c
3.32
bc
4.68
ab
6.11
a
0.84 ∗∗
SEA Small East African, t-MUFA sum of trans isomers (∑ C18:1 trans
4–16 ). T0, T33, T66 and T100
refer to zero, 33%, 66% and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance, respectively.
a,b,c
Least square means in the same row lacking a common letter differ (P < 0.05). ∗, ∗∗ and
∗∗∗ = P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. † = P < 0.1. NS not significant, SE standard error of
the mean
D. E. Mushi and L. O. Eik