758
N. A. Manaf et al.
Table 2 Summary of green features of the developed method
Feature of green analytical method
VALLME
Prevention of waste
Small volume (150 μL) of extraction solvent
Shorter hydrolysis time (30 min)
Shorter column, small particle size
Safer solvent and auxiliaries
1-pentanol
Design for energy efficiency
Shorter analysis time
Cost effective
Avoid chemical derivatives
No derivatisation for LC-MS/MS
Safer chemicals for accident prevention
Small volume
References
Agnieszka G, Tomasz G (2011) Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal Chem
30:1382–1399
Agnieszka G, Migaszewski Z, Namiesnik J (2013) The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry
and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 50:78–84
Ahmadkhaniha R, Shafiee A, Rastkari N, Khoshayand MR, Kobarfard F (2010) Quantification of
endogenous steroids in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a surrogate
analyte approach. J Chromatogr B 878:845–852
Anastas PT, Warner JC (1998) Green chemistry: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New
York
Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J (1990) Solid-phase microextraction with thermal desorption using silica
optical fibers. Anal Chem 62:2145–2148
Cawley AT, Trout GJ, Kazlauskas R, Howe CJ, George AV (2009) Carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C) value
of urinary steroids for doping control in sports. Steroids 74:379–385
Claudia LR, Shane C (2014) Drug abuse in athletes. Subst Abuse Rehabil 5:95–105
Donike M, Rauth S, Wolansky A (1993) Reference ranges of urinary endogenous steroids determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In: Proceedings of the 10th cologne workshop
on dope analysis. Sport und Buch Strauß, Cologne, pp 69–86
Farré M, Pérez S, Gonçalves C, Alpendurada MF, Barceló D (2010) Green analytical chemistry
in the determination of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem
29:1347–1362
Gałuszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie´ snik J (2013) The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry
and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. Trends Anal Chem 50:78–84
Gyorgy V, Karoly V (2004) Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior
to mass spectrometric analysis. J Mass Spectrom 39:233–254
Hintikka L, Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Thevis M, Schanzer W, Halket J, Cowan D, Grosse J, Hemmersbach P, Michel WF, Kostiainen R (2008) Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of glucuronide-conjugated anabolic steroid metabolites: method validation and interlaboratory
comparison. J Mass Spectrom 43:965–973
Jeannot MA, Cantwell FF (1996) Solvent microextraction into a single drop. Anal Chem
68:2236–2240
Jia C, Zhu X, Wang J, Zhao E, He M, Chen L, Yu P (2010) Extraction of pesticides in water samples
using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1217:5868–5871
Joseph JD, Barry EB, Stephanie AS, William LM, Joseph JK (2014) Are sub-2 μm particles best
for separating small molecules? an alternative. J Chromatogr A 1368:163–172
N. A. Manaf et al.
Table 2 Summary of green features of the developed method
Feature of green analytical method
VALLME
Prevention of waste
Small volume (150 μL) of extraction solvent
Shorter hydrolysis time (30 min)
Shorter column, small particle size
Safer solvent and auxiliaries
1-pentanol
Design for energy efficiency
Shorter analysis time
Cost effective
Avoid chemical derivatives
No derivatisation for LC-MS/MS
Safer chemicals for accident prevention
Small volume
References
Agnieszka G, Tomasz G (2011) Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal Chem
30:1382–1399
Agnieszka G, Migaszewski Z, Namiesnik J (2013) The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry
and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 50:78–84
Ahmadkhaniha R, Shafiee A, Rastkari N, Khoshayand MR, Kobarfard F (2010) Quantification of
endogenous steroids in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a surrogate
analyte approach. J Chromatogr B 878:845–852
Anastas PT, Warner JC (1998) Green chemistry: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New
York
Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J (1990) Solid-phase microextraction with thermal desorption using silica
optical fibers. Anal Chem 62:2145–2148
Cawley AT, Trout GJ, Kazlauskas R, Howe CJ, George AV (2009) Carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C) value
of urinary steroids for doping control in sports. Steroids 74:379–385
Claudia LR, Shane C (2014) Drug abuse in athletes. Subst Abuse Rehabil 5:95–105
Donike M, Rauth S, Wolansky A (1993) Reference ranges of urinary endogenous steroids determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In: Proceedings of the 10th cologne workshop
on dope analysis. Sport und Buch Strauß, Cologne, pp 69–86
Farré M, Pérez S, Gonçalves C, Alpendurada MF, Barceló D (2010) Green analytical chemistry
in the determination of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem
29:1347–1362
Gałuszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie´ snik J (2013) The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry
and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. Trends Anal Chem 50:78–84
Gyorgy V, Karoly V (2004) Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior
to mass spectrometric analysis. J Mass Spectrom 39:233–254
Hintikka L, Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Thevis M, Schanzer W, Halket J, Cowan D, Grosse J, Hemmersbach P, Michel WF, Kostiainen R (2008) Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of glucuronide-conjugated anabolic steroid metabolites: method validation and interlaboratory
comparison. J Mass Spectrom 43:965–973
Jeannot MA, Cantwell FF (1996) Solvent microextraction into a single drop. Anal Chem
68:2236–2240
Jia C, Zhu X, Wang J, Zhao E, He M, Chen L, Yu P (2010) Extraction of pesticides in water samples
using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1217:5868–5871
Joseph JD, Barry EB, Stephanie AS, William LM, Joseph JK (2014) Are sub-2 μm particles best
for separating small molecules? an alternative. J Chromatogr A 1368:163–172